Organizational Behavior - How a successful Iranian based company like Research Paper - 1

Organizational Behavior - How a successful Iranian based company like Hirbodan is surviving in tough times of sanctions against Iran - Research Paper Example Hibordan organizational structure contributed to its success (Sigh 12). They have a well-structured organization pattern where the Board of directors seats a top, the mid level management, and then lower management. This kind of structure facilitates decision-making and coordination of members in an organization. They use a technique in management called theory Y in motivation of its employees. Under these theory employees show commitment to goals and accept responsibility. Theory Y has enable Hirbodan to have a goal-oriented workforce (Champoux 16). Iranian economy has suffered a lot from the sanctions imposed by the international community. Sanction imposed on the government of president Ahmedinejhad, include ban on Iranian oil, which is the backbone of Iranian economy. This has affected several industries Hirbodan included. To worsen the situation President Amedinajhad’s plan on reforms on subsidy of 2010 removed subsidies on electricity and water affected industries. Iranian currency depreciated much making the cost of living rise and inflation skyrocketed (Sigh 18). The cost of running of a company turned high due to high cost of importing raw materials. The effects on Iran are adverse that companies are hoping for the best to have an enabling environment for investment. Hirbodan Rose against all odds and wage the storm, due to its strong foundation and the expertise offered by the founding professional. It coordinated with companies in Engineering, procurement& construction (EPC) to have its operations outside Iran (Sapru 36). According to the chairperson of Hirbodan, their success during hard times was through definitive strategies and logical solutions to firm’s problems, which include; reduction of financial debt in both local and foreign banks. It focused on means of increasing revenue to trade on real estate. They created teams to deal with opportunities and threats then sort problems

Bridging Academic and Career Competencies Essay Example for Free

Bridging Academic and Career Competencies Essay The university learning goals are essential skills that hiring managers look for when reviewing applications. Knowing how to incorporate the learning goals into your career competencies can help you in the application and career-search process. Fill in the following table with 100-word summaries of how each university learning goal can help you with career preparedness. University learning goal How each goal prepares you for success in the workplace Professional Competence and Values Professional Competence and Values prepares me for success in the workplace by giving me the classes that I need to be successful in a future career and my personal life. The university providing these courses, which give the skills and knowledge necessary to be successful, is helpful to me since I am not being put into classes that I have nothing to do with my career field. This goal also encourages lifelong learning, which encourages me to take more classes once I graduate from my current program and strive to learn more when I enter my career field post-graduation. Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Critical thinking and Problem Solving prepares me for success in the workplace by giving me the skills to be better with how I think about and address problems. While in the workplace, this will help me and has helped me so far to take my thoughts from just a yes or no answer, to answers that I have reflected on more. This goal will also help give me the skills to come up with a more reasoned and detailed solution when solving a problem. With that knowledge, I can explain to my employer the solution I chose for a problem and why I chose it. Communication Communication helps me prepare for success in the workplace by giving me the knowledge I need to be a better formal communicator. Learning how to better use grammar, punctuation, and tone in how I write will help when I need to  send memos to colleagues in my career field. Having that information will help me better communicate to them professionally, and not how I would talk to my friends on a daily basis. Communication will also help with how I present my ideas to others, so that they are easy to understand and respectful of colleagues both in the tone and words that I use. Information Utilization Information Utilization helps me prepare for success in the workplace by helping me to improve my research skills and how I use the information that I find. Having classes where I have to locate answers using the research skills that I already have, causes me to better refine what I am already doing so that when I enter a career field, I will not need assistance if I am looking for information that I may need. This goal also will help me to use the proper information, so that whatever I am working on can be right the first time and negate the need to have to go back and research again. Collaboration Collaboration helps me prepare for success in the workplace by allowing me to work in groups with other students on projects. Collaborating will give the ability to hear and see things from multiple points of view that I do not possess, something that will help me when I get to a career. Collaboration will help me with the ability to trust team members, and not be quick to judge or try to do things on my own, as in my chosen career field, that is not something I will be able to do, and will have to work with others on solutions.

CHINA TAIWAN :: essays research papers

Taiwan opposition leader James Soong urged the island's independence-leaning leaders to take advantage of his "bridge-building" trip to mainland China to seek cross-strait peace. "People from both sides of the strait are longing for peace ... Mainland leaders have also showed sincerity in improving cross-strait relations," Soong told reporters at the airport upon return from his nine-day visit to China. He added Friday that China had announced a number of concrete steps to boost bilateral ties, including a promise to push for direct air links in 2006. "Peace is in our own hands," said Soong, chairman of the People First Party. Pushing for independence for Taiwan, he warned, could destroy peace prospects. China sees Taiwan as part of its territory awaiting eventual reunification since they split at the end of the civil war in 1949 and has regularly threatened to invade if the island moves towards formal independence. Soong also said Taiwan's President Chen Shui-bian had "promised not to promote independence through constitutional amendments". He was referring to Saturday's elections, in which voters were to elect a 300-member National Assembly to decide on a package of constitutional reforms, including whether referenda could be used to amend the constitution. Beijing has opposed referenda, which it sees as a step Taiwan could take toward declaring formal independence. Saturday's poll is seen as a litmus test of support for the island's independence-minded leaders and the opposition, who favour closer ties with China, following recent visits there by two opposition leaders. Soong's trip followed the historic visit to China by Lien Chan, chairman of the main opposition Kuomintang party. Both Lien and Soong said their trips were meant to bridge differences between the two rival governments and pave the way for peace talks. Beijing also agreed to simplify visa application procedures for Taiwanese and to offer incentives to Taiwanese studying on the mainland, according to a joint statement released after Soong's talks with China's Hu Jintao. Hu and Soong also pledged to push for cross-strait peace talks under a "two sides, one China" principle and oppose independence for Taiwan. President Chen, who stresses Taiwan's independence and sovereignty, immediately rejected the peace overture. "Should we accept the 'one-China principle', Taiwan would be Hong Kong-ized and become part of the People's Republic of China, a scenario which is by no means acceptable to the 23 million people in Taiwan," Chen said Thursday.

Actual advantages to block csheduling via research studies Essay

A Temple University study found that block scheduling had distinct advantages in academic achievement. Students who made the honor roll at the three schools studied rose from 22% to 31%. SAT scores rose by an average of 14 points. In addition, the number of detentions declined while student attendance increased (Evans, Tokarczyk and Rice, 2000). Most recently, a 2006 study indicated a variety of advantages to block scheduling. Five Connecticut high schools were studied to determine what, if any, positive outcomes would result. The researchers used test scores and surveys as a means of data collection from school guidance counselors, teachers, administrators and students. The study found that gains in math rose significantly over a two year period, achievement test score averages rose in a statistically significant manner over three years, and PSAT and SAT scores increased within the first three years but then leveled off. (Wilcox, 2006). This study is one of the few longitudinal studies available. This study also stressed the importance of time as a factor in determining the success of block scheduling. â€Å"Almost all of the results which indicated significant differences were shown after two or more years† (Wilcox, 2006). Clearly some time is necessary in order for students and teachers to become accustomed to the changes. Some of the school studies Wilcox (2006) examined had been operating on a block schedule for as long as ten years. Unfortunately, not all the schools had baseline data for years before the block schedule or had opened with a block schedule. The study further stresses the level of support by the staff can be a determining factor as to the success of any type of block scheduling, which seems to correlate, at least on surface examination of the results, with training procedures and teacher confidence. 2. 2. 4 Actual Disadvantages to Block Scheduling via Research Studies A University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill study studied achievement in reading and mathematics of students in a high school which ran a tri-schedule. This schedule consisted of a traditional schedule, a 4 x 4 schedule and hybrid schedules which all operated in the same single school. The NC state mandated tests in reading, language and math were used to determine achievement. For reading and language test results, there was no statistically significant difference based on the types of schedules. There was, however, a statistically significant difference in math computation subtest. The traditional schedule saw slightly higher scores in understanding and retention of mathematical computation for tenth grade students. Thus, this study â€Å"supports the importance of daily instruction and contact time to student achievement in mathematics as distinct from other academic skills† (Veal and Shreiber, 1999). Another study tested students in the Wilmington area of North Carolina. It, too, found that students on traditional schedules scored higher on tests of algebra, English, biology and history than did students on a block schedule (Lawrence and McPherson, 2000). 2. 2. 5 Studies that were Inconclusive in Determining the Efficacy of Block Scheduling in Increasing Academic Achievement. A third North Carolina study, this one undertaken by the Department of Public Instruction, compared End-Of-Course (EOC) test scores in five areas (English I, Algebra I, Biology I, US History, and Economic, Legal and Political Systems (ELP)). It sample scores from schools that operated on block schedules and on traditional schedules for 1993 to 1996. It mentions at the outset that the first schools to adopt block schedules in NC were those that had lower achievement scores to begin with. These schools’ scores were adjusted for the purpose of this study. The overall results were inconclusive. Some blocked schools showed some improvement in some years but then lower scores in other years. â€Å"At present, there are essentially no significant differences between groups of blocked and corresponding non-blocked school groups in terms of student performance in state EOC Tests† (North Carolina Department of Public Instruction, 1997). Walker (2000) conducted a study of students in the Kansas public school system. He focused primarily in math scores with a purpose to see if students’ math scores would increase from year to year using block vs. traditional scheduling. He found that â€Å"while the block-scheduled schools did make better percentage gains than the traditional schools, such gain was found to be insignificant when using split-plot analysis of variance. Therefore, there is not a significant measurable difference in the impact of block-scheduling or traditional scheduling on this mathematics assessment† (Walker, 2000). A test conducted by the Georgia Department of Education found similar results. This study tested four types of scheduling systems (4 x 4, A/B, hybrid and traditional) among nearly 40,000 students in various GA schools. Students were tested in eight subject areas (9th Grade Literature, American Literature, Algebra, Geometry, Physical Science, Biology, US History and Economics). No significant differences were noted among the scheduling types, but one general comment was made that Algebra scores in all blocked schedules were slightly higher than in traditionally scheduled schools (Domaleski, 2004). This study relied primarily on test score results. In the Spring of 2004 the mean Algebra score for students on block scheduling was 601. 78 which the mean score for those on traditional scheduling was 599. 73. Over 73,000 students were tested and scores analyzed for each. In all the other subject areas, the scores were very nearly the same, and no statistically significant differences were reported (Domaleski, 2004). The reasons for the differences are not clear, but one might suggest that schools which adopted block-scheduling early were those with serious problems, behavioral and/or academic and done so as an attempt to create a positive change in those schools. Another reason might be that some schools operated on a hybrid block schedule, so even though a school is designated as a ‘block’ school, a student may not have taken that particular course in a block format. Another possible limitation to this study is the fact that the Spring 2004 scores were obtained before the decision to count the EOCT as 15% of the student’s grade. â€Å"Since the use of the EOCT as an accountability assessment likely differed among schools and systems for this administration, it should not be assumed that the motivation of all examinees in each conditions was consisten† (Domaleski, 2004) 2. 2. 5 Returns to a Traditional Schedule from Block Scheduling Some districts have returned to a traditional schedule from a block schedule. According to Canaday and Rettig (2003), this change may be premature. In a study of over 200 Virginia schools, some of the reasons for change were less the result of poor academic performance and more a result of the following issues: â€Å"The use of a flawed decision-making process to adopt a block schedule; poor preparation for teaching in the block, including insufficient staff development and/or inattention to course pacing; unclear goals, overpromising or not meeting promises made; and poor scheduling decisions in the adoption phase (Canada and Rettig, 2003). Perhaps planning prior to the implementation of block scheduling would make the transition run more smoothly.

Management and Organizational Behavior Essay

This is a reaction paper on the book ‘Leadership and Self Deception: Getting out of the Box’, by the Arbinger Institute. This will therefore discuss how I felt about the topic in the book and the reasons why. The book is about self deception which is described in dialogue between Tom Callum, a new employee for senior management position Zagrum Company, with Bud Jefferson, the executive vice president of the same company. An excerpt of the dialogue is quoted below with Bud Jefferson talking to Tom Callum saying the following words: â€Å"The bigger problem was that I couldn’t see that I had a problem. † Bud paused for a moment, and then, leaning forward toward me, he said in a lower, even more earnest tone, â€Å"There is no solution to the problem of lack of commitment, for example, without a solution to the bigger problem—the problem that I can’t see that I’m not committed. † Bud also added: â€Å"Tom, there’s a technical name for the insistent blindness I exhibited in San Francisco. Philosophers call it ‘self-deception. ’ At Zagrum we have a less technical name for it—we call it ‘being in the box. ’ In our way of talking, when we’re self-deceived, we’re ‘in the box. ’ From the above the word self deception is defined. We will use the meaning in the following paragraphs. If self deception is incapacity to see the reality of the problem, the next question is: Could it happen to everyone? Dr. Peck said â€Å"Life is series of problem. † If there is truth in what Dr. has said then self-deception could happen to everyone because every body will really have a problem. Hence the issue should be to become aware of the problem so that solutions could be made accordingly. Hence Dr. Peck suggested that discipline is the basic tool we require to solve life’s problems. He argued that without discipline we can solve nothing and that with only some discipline we can solve only some problem and with total discipline we can solve all problems. Given that problem solving is a reality, failure therefore to see that there is a problem could be a dangerous or pathetic situation. To illustrate, I had a friend who just did not know that he is sick and that he is dying of cancer which he failed to detect earlier. Before he realized to do some prevention he was already dead. In the case of every living thing, failure to recognize the problem is the most damaging because that would mean wrong use of freedom and intelligence bestowed to us. This applies to business organization since they also have life to sustain. They must continue to serve their customers otherwise these organizations are sick or in danger of dying. What could be the consequences of self deception? Not knowing what the problem is, one cannot solve the problem. Not being able to solve the problem will cause the problem to create more pressure and the greater the pressure the less are the available choices. In psychology we have the so called neurosis and character disorders which are the result of the result not balancing responsibility. When one assumes too much responsibility he is neurotic, while the one with character disorder assumes little. That could be also the consequence for people who will assume too much problem and those who simply cannot see that there is a problem. In the book that we are reacting upon, character disorder as a consequence would be the closest thing to happen. The consequence for failing to heal the disorder is delay in emotional maturity. If we apply that to Zagrum, that would be restricting the normal growth of the company that could amount to killing the company slowly. How then to solve self –deception? Discipline through openness and transparency is the best solution. People must be ready to accept accusation especially if they are true since that is the only way where one would not have him self-deceived. We need the eyes of other to reflect what is hidden in us. Socrates said that we should know ourselves and that could be found in disclosing about ourselves to other so that they get reflected to others who will help us see the truth in us. This is one of the lessons of the book on Self-deception as dreamed by Bud for the Zagrum Company. Bud was quoted saying to Tom: â€Å"At Zagrum, Tom, our top strategic initiative is to minimize individual and organizational self-deception. † Bud did have good experience about self deception which he wanted to impart to Tom. He realized that problem would be most damaging. Self deception may not be easily recognized by some or they may get hidden because of stubbornness, pride and simply ignorance. Although an open person is vulnerable, there are more advantage to self-disclosure than self-deception, the consequences of which are simply damaging. To conclude, it may be stated that a problem that half well define it half solved. Wrongly defined problem is not solving the problem. Avoiding the problem will cause problem to run after you. A health organization accepts the reality of problems because of objectives set. Objectives-attainment involves series of problems that must be anticipated and solved. A problem in life is bound to arise and the reality is that life is difficult. Indeed life is a series of problem to be solved, hence by not acknowledging the problem, there is an attempt to escape what is reality and to escape reality would be more painful in the long run. Work Cited: Peck, S. The Road Less Traveled, Simon and Schuster, 1978 Arbinger Institute , Excerpts of Leadership and Self Deception. Getting out of the Box’, {www document} URL, http://www. arbinger. com/C2/ArbingerHome/default. aspx? Page=Home, Accessed October 30,2006

Analysis of Serial Killers essays

Analysis of Serial Killers essays Every human being have experience the feeling of urge, whether or not it is screaming and swearing in the church, or have a road rage while driving. Most of the time we don ¡t act on these urges because we know that we might suffer from the consequences. Where doe these urges come from and why are they so powerful? Will we be able to control these urges? Unfortunately, there are people out there who cannot control their feelings of urge, perhaps they are braver, or perhaps they are ill. "It was an urge. . . . . A strong urge, and the longer I let it go the stronger it got, to where I was taking risks to go out and kill peoplerisks that normally, according to my little rules of operation, I wouldn't take because they could lead to arrest." This quote is said by Edmond Kemper, whose urges lead him into serial killing unfortunately he was not the only person who suffered from these feelings. Serial killers are killers who do not kill just one or two people; they are involved in series of killings. Do these killers find killing as being a pleasure or are they slaves to their own body and mind? Psychologist has been studying on serial killers for years and still there are many arguments on whether or not these killers are monsters or victims. There are all different kinds of excuses for these serial killers to kill,  ¡Henry Lee Lucas blamed his upbringing; others like Jeffrey Dahmer say that they were born with a "part" of them missing. Ted Bundy claimed pornography made him do it. Herbert Mullin, Santa Cruz killer of thirteen, blamed the voices in his head that told him it was time to "sing the die song." The ruthless Carl Panzram swore that prison turned him into a monster, while Bobby Joe Long said a motorcycle accident made him hypersexual and eventually a serial lust killer. The most psychopathic, like John Wayne Gacy, turn the blame around and boast that the v ictims deserved to die ¡ (www.crimelibrary.com). ...

A P- The Heroic Sheep Herder

A P- The Heroic Sheep Herder Free Online Research Papers One of the main reasons that a short story can be so effective is familiarity. An author uses different ways to connect with their readers to draw interest. Some authors use themes that are common to everyday life no matter what time period a person lives in, their race, or financial status. Others use emotional connections to make the reader sympathize with the characters. In the short story written by John Updike in 1962 entitled, â€Å"AP,† he uses the familiar setting of a supermarket, and gives the reader an idea of what a teenage boy thinks about teenage girls. Sammy, the narrator of the story is young, impulsive and naive. Both he and the three girls in the story are being rebellious by doing things that aren’t considered to be the norm, otherwise not conforming to what others think is right. It is not uncommon for teen aged kids to go through periods of rebellion. At this time of their lives when their hormones are raging they are basically looking to find themselves and doing things that make them feel good. Updike uses what can be viewed as a typical teenage boy for the protagonist first person narrator of this story. Sammy is a nineteen year old boy who works as a cashier at a local AP in a Boston suburb. His story begins when three young girls walk into the store barefooted wearing bathing suits. He makes it easy to see that he has great interest in these girls by his in-depth descriptions of them; this is about the first girl: The one that caught my eye first was the one in the plaid green two-piece. She was a chunky kid, with a good tan and a sweet broad soft-looking can with those two crescents of white just under it, where the sun never seems to hit, at the top of the backs of her legs. (Updike 610) It appears that he has put a little more time and effort into this new customer; he may not be able to describe other customers with such detail. As Sammy gives us his view of the second girl he goes into greater detail with his assumptions of what other people may think about her as well: A tall one, with black hair that hadn’t quite frizzed right, and one of those sunburns right across under the eyes, and a chin that was too long- you know, the kind of girl other girls think is very â€Å"striking† and â€Å"attractive† but never quite makes it, as they very well know, which is why they like her so much. (Updike 610) Finally in walks the leader of there group, one Sammy has titled, â€Å"Queenie.† Right away he goes into great detail about her entrance. He describes the way that the other two girls followed her throughout the store, assuming that she had convince the other two into coming in dressed in their bathing suits, and that she had to show them how to do it, walking slow and holding themselves straight. (Updike 610) Sammy shows his level of interest in Queenie by describing every detail about her from the color, shape and style of her bathing suit, to the manner in which is sat on her body, â€Å"off her shoulders looped loose around the cool tops of her arms, and I guess as a result the suit had slipped a little on her, so all around the top of the cloth there was this shining rim.† (Updike 610) He continues on about her face, skin, neck, and hair stating she was more than pretty and that he didn’t mind seeing this much more of her. Another way Sammy shows his high level of interest in these three young girls is by how he describes the other shoppers in the AP. He very negatively describes the customer that is at his register while the girls first walk in. This fifty year old witch is what he calls, â€Å"a cash-register-watcher† and his error of ringing up an item twice by accident has definitely made her day. (Updike 610) He finishes up his description of her by stating, â€Å"By the time I got her feathers smoothed and her goodies into a bag- she gives me a little snort in passing, if she’d been born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem.† (Updike 610) Once again stating how much of a witch he thought she was. Another instance where Sammy shows his dislike for the other customers is when the girl walk down the aisle in front of his register, doing what he calls walking against the grain of traffic while â€Å"the sheep pushing their carts down the aisle.† (Updike 611) He describes the reaction the girls got while walking down that aisle, causing numerous looks, including a few housewives who had to do a double take to make sure they had seen correctly. The young girls did more than catch the attention of the â€Å"sheep† as Sammy liked to call them. In order to back up Sammy’s interest in these girls he tells of responses of agreement from two of his fellow co-workers who apparently feel the same way he does. The other cashier working at the AP that day was named Stokesie and he said to Sammy as the girls walked past, â€Å"Oh Daddy†¦..I feel so faint.† (Updike 611) Also, the man at the meat counter named McMahon who after giving directions to the girls, â€Å"patted his mouth and looked after them sizing up their joints.† (Updike 611) However, the sheep weren’t the only ones who did not approve of their attire as much as the boys did. The manager of the AP Mr. Lengel walks through the front door and everyone’s luck had run out, it’s what Sammy says is the saddest part of the story. (Updike 612) Mr. Lengel walks over to the girls and tells them that they are not at the beach and that the AP requires its customers to be â€Å"decently dressed.† (Updike 612) Queenie stands up herself and says, â€Å"We are decent.† The girls try to give their side of the story saying that they were only coming in to buy one item, but this fell upon deaf ears when Lengel asks Sammy to just ring up their purchase so they can leave. (Updike 613) Sammy does as he has been told. Sammy however has something build up inside of him, be it courage or stupidity and cannot let this be the final moment between himself and these three young girls. Before the girls are out of earshot Sammy tells Mr. Lengel that he quits, and that â€Å"you didn’t have to embarrass the girls the way you did.† (Updike 613) Sammy attempts to be the hero for these young girls, even though by the time it was all played out they had left the building. At this point it didn’t matter to him though, it was his way of standing up for himself and what he thought was right. At the end Sammy had lost his job for three girls who he hadn’t even spoken to. But just like the three girls who walked into an AP with no shoes on and wearing only bathing suits he was doing something rebellious by standing up to his boss and quitting his job on his own terms. In Sammy’s mind he had done something heroic, something he probably didn’t think he was capable of. Even though he knew his parents would be upset with him and he realized that he â€Å"felt how hard the world was going to be to me hereafter† (Updike 614) but at least he still didn’t have to check the sheep through the line day after day. 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Words linked to Alzheimers - Emphasis

Words linked to Alzheimers Words linked to Alzheimers Your words could say more about you than you realise. New research suggests that changes in vocabulary could be an early sign of Alzheimers disease. The study by scientists at Southampton university focuses on the speeches of former UK Prime Minister Harold Wilson. It supports the theory that he was suffering from the condition but never diagnosed. Writing in the Journal of Neurolinguistics, the universitys Dr Peter Garrard says hes detected a marked change in the words Wilson used in the months leading up to his unexpected resignation. It seems that Wilson stopped using his trademark broad vocabulary shortly before he resigned, relying instead on much simpler words. Dr Garrard has detected similar changes in the work of the author Iris Murdoch, who died of the disease in 1999. Short words more powerful The use of short words, of course, is not in itself an indicator of Alzheimers. Another famous prime minister and orator, Winston Churchill, favoured short words over long ones, as he felt they were more powerful. Our work with hundreds of the UKs top organisations over the last ten years suggests that overuse of long words may actually be a sign of under-confidence. Click here for details of our course on Writing high-impact speeches and presentations.

Strategic Management of Walmart Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic Management of Walmart - Case Study Example The company has its operations in multiple countries including Mexico, UK, Japan, Argentina, Germany, South Korea, China, Canada and Puerto Rico. However in order to operate in international markets the company has changed its name for some of the international markets. As a result company operates as ASDA in UK, Seiyu in Japan and Walmex in Mexico. The case of the Wal-Mart Stores Inc is cited often for the CRM technology that they have in place for managing customer relations, the innovative JIT based zero inventory management system they have for their stock management and the business model of the company which allows it to benefit from economies of scale while keeping its costs to a minimum resulting in the provision of a large variety of products under one roof to its customers at the lowest prices in the market. The political environment for the Wal-Mart Stores Inc in the United States is relatively stable as compared to its other regions of operations. However the company has significantly contributed to the political environment as well by providing a practice of standardization in the retail industry with fair packaging and labelling as early as 1970. Aside from this the regularised retail industry through bills from the political front enable the company to operate in a relatively easy market. The economic environment for the company has been very volatile. The company itself has contributed in a large way to the GDP of the United States through successful and profitable business and growth in the part years. However the recent financial crisis has effected the Wal-Mart Stores Inc forcing it to reduce its expenses, shut down its below average profit bearing operations and to lay of workers in the United States as well as in the International market to sustain itself through the current economic crisis. However this effect has not been focused on Wal-Mart alone all business and companies operating in the retail sector have been effected similarly by the volatile economic environment. The social environment for the company takes the form of a diverse customer base as well as human right groups and consumer action groups that directly effects the operations of the company. The company has often been criticized for its practices of leveraging male employees over the female employees in the company. Human right activities and feminist consumer action groups have filed lawsuits as well as launched protests against the company in this regard forcing the company to change its management practices to avoid any preferential treatment for the male employees or the practice of an established glass ceiling for female employees. Aside from this the company itself has been providing support to the communities' specific to its regions of operations by providing technological, service based as well as infrastructural development support and by providing a large number of jobs to decrease the unemployment rate in the region of its operations. The technological environment that surrounds the operations

Current Public Heath Issues Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Current Public Heath Issues - Essay Example This disease in a healthy, productive work force of the country is a major problem for the government, as it has to spend increasing amounts of funds on their treatment and care, while earning hands have decreased. For the past four decades, there was an encouraging decline in the spread and attack of CVD (Heart Disease May Be On The Upswing 2008), which led to the hope that there was finally a check on it, and still a chance for recovery from this problem. However, this hopeful trend lasted just till 1995 (Heart Disease May Be On The Upswing 2008). ... Discussion: in this study carried out on 425 people in Minnesota, US, who had died of unnatural causes, researchers found shocking evidence that CVD is on the rise again, and this time it is affecting a lot of young population as well. This study was published in the Archives of Internal Medicine (Heart Disease Might Be On The Upswing 2008) in early February 2008, and explored the trends and the causes behind this upsurge. The age group of the cases under study ranged from 16 to 64. What was surprising was that out of the younger cases, 8.2% had high-grade heart disease, and 83 percent had clogged arteries, marking a beginning of coronary artery disease, which puts them at a risk of developing major heart problems as they age (Heart Disease May Be On The Upswing 2008). Researchers are yet trying to establish firm causes of this upswing of CVD, especially among the younger population. They are especially not sure how and to what extent do obesity and diabetes play a role in increasing the occurrence of CVD among young people. However, they have confirmed that recent trends and changes in the lifestyles of the people are the major causes of this rise. There has been an increase in the sedentary lifestyle of people, owing to the introduction and the spread of computers, which has led to a decline in their physical exercise (Heart Disease May Be On The Upswing 2008), and computer related activities like playing games and working solely on computers, such as typing jobs. Another study

Good Night and Good Luck Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Good Night and Good Luck - Movie Review Example As with all entities which do not posses power, new media was also controlled and influenced by different spheres of power. This was the period when the cold war was at its initial stages. The government was using all channels of communication it could to gather support for its anti communism agenda. This agenda allowed American governments to allocate billions of dollars to defense contracts and war spending. This cold war mass hysteria was being sponsored by many different spheres of power. The propaganda was so strong that being a communist became a crime. The government used all resources that it could muster to spread this hatred towards communism. The television was in that time period a new phenomenon. The attraction of television to masses was tremendous and very reliable. People took it as a new and reliable source because there was a lack of understanding about it. The government tried to use this as a propaganda tool for their anti communist agenda. One senator of Wisconsin took this as a personal crusade and went to all means necessary to propagate his anti communist agenda. There were however some men even than who understood the real place of television journalism. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin faced severe criticism and retaliation from the CBS new team. These people were willing to fight to any means necessary to ensure that trust prevailed at all cost. The main man in this fight for the freedom and independence of new media was Edward R. Murrow. His team included co-producer Fred Friendly and reporter Joseph Wershba. The main revenues as is understood came from the commercial. At that time there was no concept of paper per view. Therefore television channels were completely dependent on TV commercials to fund their operations. Edward R. Murrow and his team had to face a huge pressure from many different corporate sponsors as well. When Gore Vidal said that television was the first time in world

ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH PAPER Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ARCHAEOLOGICAL - Research Paper Example Anubis shared with another god, Osiris, the kingdom of the departed. He is known to have guided the dead toward perfection and the life after death according to Buzzle (par 1). As such, Anubis depicted rebirth and life after death even as he â€Å"attended† the process of mummification or sat atop a tomb. Anubis was commonly depicted having a jackal or dog head considering that jackals often unearthed whatever had been buried in cemeteries and consumed the remains. To the ancient Egyptians, this symbolized him as god of the underworld. The following sections of this paper will discuss the discovery of mummified dogs in Egypt and the significance of this finding to the understanding of the civilization of ancient Egypt. Finding of Remains of Mummified Dogs in Saqqara, Egypt Although the remains of mummified dogs had been found in the 19th century, the relevance and magnitude of the mummification was yet to be comprehensively understood. Before this recent discovery, Jacques De Morgan in 1897 discovered the existence of dog catacombs in the area surrounding one of the Egyptian pyramids according to Past Horizons (par 2). In spite of this discovery, it remained quite unclear whether the remains of the animals really belonged to dogs or other almost similar animals. Furthermore, the findings then appeared only to be a mystery. Revelations of the Saqqara dog catacomb reveals that about eight million animals were buried in the tunnel, the animals mainly being dogs (Past Horizons par 2). Given this huge number, archaeologists suggest that the Egyptians could have bred dogs probably in their thousands for the purpose of pleasing the dog-headed deity. Archaeologists further note that the mummified bodies were mainly between a few hours and days old; not adult animals as stated by Past Horizons (par 3). The location of the catacomb suggests that the Egyptians had special puppy farms in or around the city of Memphis in which the animals were bred and raised before being mummified. It is here noted that Mephis was the capital of Egypt in ancient days. The findings according to Nicholson suggest a different perception in the relationship between the Egyptians and the animals that they worshipped as deities (Past Horizons par 3). Since the dogs were killed and mummified at a tender age, it is suggested by archaeologists that the animals were not strictly killed in sacrifice. Instead, they were dedicated as mummies in as an act of pious. The animals in this case were supposed to act as intermediaries between their donors and the deities. Given that the catacombs are located near the temple of Anubis, it is quite likely that they are for canines, the concentration of animal cuts at Saqqara also attesting to this according to Past Horizons (par 3). Other animals that were mummified or sacrificed and buried in an almost similar manner include hawks, ibises, baboons and bulls. These animals, in their different kinds were supposed to act as intermedia ries between humankind and their deities according to archaeologists. The cults prominently featured in the period between the Late Period and the period of early Roman occupation (747BC to 1AD). In the past, Egyptologists have given more focus to the temples and ancient inscriptions as opposed to the number of animals buried and the places where they were buried (Past Horizons par

The Law and the Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Law and the Constitution - Essay Example V. Dicey who made a robust restatement of this very old doctrine at the end of twenty-century. According to A. V. Dicey the principle of supremacy and sovereignty is the basis of the British Constitution. Parliament itself is not capable to confine its own future proceedings, courts cannot inquire or decline to give effect to its ratifications, and all other law-making institutions in the United Kingdom are secondary to it.Supremacy of Parliament is so magnificent and supreme, that it cannot be restricted, either for reasons or persons, under any circumstances. (Jennings, 1959) In other words, Parliament's supremacy can be estimated from the fact that it can do each fascination that is not naturally unattainable. The initial portion of Dicey's Law of the Constitution was dedicated to defying the unorthodox impression that there might be supposed boundaries to sovereignty and supreme. Dicey highly declared that the Parliament had authority and power to make or unmake any law whatever. For historical authority, Dicey naturally sought recourse to the Act of Settlement and to the pervasive constitutional traditions that dangle about the great and glorious revolution of 1688. Sovereignty had to be free, and it was for this motive that Dicey appeared so sideways at the very suggestion of international law, or undeniably those legal orders that sought to somehow share authority and power. Supremacy of Parliament can be divided into three significant essentials: firstly Parliament can formulate or unmake any law; secondly Parliament cannot force its heirs and lastly Courts cannot inquire an act of Parliament. In the light of the European Communities Act 1972 Parliament can still only do this if the legislation is not an EU parameter or instruction and is only conjugal legislation. Parliament cannot for instance rescind an Act that a EU dictate had structured the administration to make as they did in the case of Commission of the EC v United Kingdom (1979). Further the reality that Parliament cannot bind its successors is considerable. This originally predestined that a current, say Conservative government could not execute legislation that would come into power when a Labour government came into power. Now this refers to the EU in that the British government cannot outdo any legislation that would in future conflict with any recommended legislation of European Union. M ost notably according to the doctrine of Supremacy of Parliament, the courts of United Kingdom are not capable to inquire an act of Parliament. It is the reason that any proceed of Parliament is the ultimate law of the land, obligatory all through the territory, and alterable only by another act of Parliament. Parliament is defined as a congregation poised of the Commons, the Lords chronological and devout, and the Crown. Only these three institutions acting collectively include the sovereign Parliament, and were able to make law supreme throughout the realm. The Crown, Lords, and Commons unprejudiced each other; their contending interests fashioned political strains within Parliament to efficiently contain its implementation of unbounded supremacy. The Crown in Parliament obsessed total and unrestricted legislative supremacy, having the right to make or

Key microeconomic and macroeconomic factors that are likely to Essay

Key microeconomic and macroeconomic factors that are likely to influence the price and output of that product over the next five years - Essay Example are several key microeconomic and macroeconomic factors that have a heavy influence on the price and output of ‘Phenomen’Eyes.’ In the course of this paper these factors will be further explored and explained. The factors that affect the individual will be looked upon under microeconomics and can range a time span of less than a year. Where as the factors that affect the entire economy and will last five years or more will be looked over under macroeconomics (Mankiw, 1998). In short macroeconomic factors are centered on things which affect the nation i.e. inflation, interest rate, unemployment, exports and imports, where as microeconomic factors consist of those that affect people on an individual level e.g., personal income, preferences, price of competitor products. To start with, microeconomic analysis aims to take a better look at how individuals and organizations work in any given economy, in our case this would be the economy of Australia. Here we look at the small scale issues and problems related to the decisions of prices and output for the Phenomen’Eyes. Prices here arte based on individuals and how they would act and react to the market and the product. The output is directly linked to the demand that is being targeted. In this case, Givenchy is going after consumers who are interested in high end beauty products. The prices are based on their preferences; these individuals will most likely not be looking to invest in mascara that has a lower price tag on it because they associate money with quality. Similarly, because a relatively small amount of consumers are being targeted their demand will come in small numbers as well, which means that the production will not consist of a large scale massive operation. Demand the production is directly related here, the lower the demand the lower the number of units that will be produced and vice versa. The microeconomic analysis assumes that the consumers are acting with a proper rationale for all their

The Law and the Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Law and the Constitution - Essay Example V. Dicey who made a robust restatement of this very old doctrine at the end of twenty-century. According to A. V. Dicey the principle of supremacy and sovereignty is the basis of the British Constitution. Parliament itself is not capable to confine its own future proceedings, courts cannot inquire or decline to give effect to its ratifications, and all other law-making institutions in the United Kingdom are secondary to it.Supremacy of Parliament is so magnificent and supreme, that it cannot be restricted, either for reasons or persons, under any circumstances. (Jennings, 1959) In other words, Parliament's supremacy can be estimated from the fact that it can do each fascination that is not naturally unattainable. The initial portion of Dicey's Law of the Constitution was dedicated to defying the unorthodox impression that there might be supposed boundaries to sovereignty and supreme. Dicey highly declared that the Parliament had authority and power to make or unmake any law whatever. For historical authority, Dicey naturally sought recourse to the Act of Settlement and to the pervasive constitutional traditions that dangle about the great and glorious revolution of 1688. Sovereignty had to be free, and it was for this motive that Dicey appeared so sideways at the very suggestion of international law, or undeniably those legal orders that sought to somehow share authority and power. Supremacy of Parliament can be divided into three significant essentials: firstly Parliament can formulate or unmake any law; secondly Parliament cannot force its heirs and lastly Courts cannot inquire an act of Parliament. In the light of the European Communities Act 1972 Parliament can still only do this if the legislation is not an EU parameter or instruction and is only conjugal legislation. Parliament cannot for instance rescind an Act that a EU dictate had structured the administration to make as they did in the case of Commission of the EC v United Kingdom (1979). Further the reality that Parliament cannot bind its successors is considerable. This originally predestined that a current, say Conservative government could not execute legislation that would come into power when a Labour government came into power. Now this refers to the EU in that the British government cannot outdo any legislation that would in future conflict with any recommended legislation of European Union. M ost notably according to the doctrine of Supremacy of Parliament, the courts of United Kingdom are not capable to inquire an act of Parliament. It is the reason that any proceed of Parliament is the ultimate law of the land, obligatory all through the territory, and alterable only by another act of Parliament. Parliament is defined as a congregation poised of the Commons, the Lords chronological and devout, and the Crown. Only these three institutions acting collectively include the sovereign Parliament, and were able to make law supreme throughout the realm. The Crown, Lords, and Commons unprejudiced each other; their contending interests fashioned political strains within Parliament to efficiently contain its implementation of unbounded supremacy. The Crown in Parliament obsessed total and unrestricted legislative supremacy, having the right to make or

The Role of the State in the Marxist Point of View Essay

The Role of the State in the Marxist Point of View - Essay Example For further clarification and exploration, it will also compare Marx's ideal government with that of the Luddites and utopian socialists. The paper will conclude with its findings. The Communist Manifesto which was published in 1848 documents the struggle of two major opposing social classes-the bourgeoisie and the proletariat. According to Marx (1), bourgeoisie refers to the "class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage-labour" while proletariat refers to the "class of modern wage-labourers who, having no means of production on their own, are reduced to selling their labor power in order to live." In order to fully understand the role of the government in the societal context of Marx, this paper will first look at the social structure and their implications in the society. The power struggle between these two social classes is justified by their opposing interests. The proletariat is portrayed as a utility maximizing entity because he seeks to maximize the value of his resource, his labor power, in return for higher wages. The bourgeoisie, on the other hand, is a profit maximizing entity because he seeks to minimize the cost of production by keeping wages for workers low (Marx 2). It should be noted that in Marx society, costs of production are allocated to fixed costs such as rent and interest. Wages, being the most variable and controllable, is kept at minimum. The bourgeoisie also aims to generate the most efficient productivity from the proletariat as this will also increase his profits. In this case, we see an antagonistic and contradictory relationship between the working class and the owners of capital. Therefore, in Marx's definition of proletariat, we see that the working class is portrayed as an exploited segment of the society. The relation ship between the two major classes also documents that power is concentrated on the hands of those who own the means of production. The working class, as implied by the definition of Marx (7), is seen by the bourgeoisie as a factor of production together with land and capital: "He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, the most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him." This view of the society emphasizes the presence of social equality. The bourgeoisie uses their access of capital in order to exploit the proletariat. In this context of Marxist capitalist society, the state appears to be instrumental in preventing the existence of social equality. Marx recognizes that the state is mainly "a product and a manifestation of the irreconcilability of class antagonisms" (Lenin 2). When the struggle between classes in the society cannot be objectively reconciled, the state is created. Conversely, the existence of the state is a manifestation that the class antagonisms in the society cannot be reconciled. Thus, the state only comes into existence when the society is divided on class lines. As the creation and existence of the state is due to the antagonism between two social classes, the state in the Marxist context is created for a certain function that is, the resolution of the class struggle. It is, then, the utmost goal of the government to serve the interest of both parties and

Human Factors Engineering †Geriatrics Essay Example for Free

Human Factors Engineering – Geriatrics Essay Professionals in gerontology and geriatrics estimate that by the middle of the 21st century, more than 60 million of people in the United States will be older than 65. Many of these people will cross the 85-age-line (Schulz, 2007). In this context, old people do not simply live longer, but remain active and productive and strive to preserve their individual independence even in older age. Obviously, these demographic shifts are extremely challenging to society. As long as the process of aging is associated with biological, psychological, physiological, and cognitive changes, older people face a whole set of issues, when trying to preserve stability of their links with the real-world environments. These are often impossible without using technologies. Human factors engineering is expected to make valuable contribution in geriatrics, making aging population less vulnerable to the abovementioned changes, and enhancing the quality of life among older adults. As a multidisciplinary science, human factors engineering is about numerous issues, but in this work special attention will be given to home and work activities (social aspects of human factors engineering), as well as the problems older people may experience with vision and hearing (individual aspects of human factors engineering). To begin with, â€Å"human factors engineering is the study of human beings and their interactions with products, environments, and equipment in the performance of tasks and activities† (Schulz, 2007). It is a multidisciplinary field in that it encompasses the disciplines of psychology, physiology, engineering, biomechanics, and computer science. Regardless of whether in aging, in pediatrics, or in adulthood, human factors engineering seeks to identify specific human capabilities, their limitations associated with age, the impact of these limitations on individuals’ interactions with the real-world environments, and the ways of improving these interactions. When it comes to geriatrics as the science of aging, human factors engineering is to address the four essential aspects, which actually shape an older person’s reality: work, home, transportation, and product design (Schulz, 2007). Some authors also include communication, safety and security, and leisure into the list of critical human factors engineering elements in aging (Czaja, 1990). Certainly, home and home activities present the greatest challenges to older people. Against a common belief, many older people live alone and have to cope (or even to fight) with a whole set of home activities. Apart from living alone, many older people are likely to spend most of their time at home, and many of them will also face a difficulty in performing even simple tasks like bathing, cooking, washing, cleaning, etc. The most common home traumas include falls, burns (e. g. from cooking), and poisoning from gases and vapors (Czaja, 1990). Given that to live alone for older people means to preserve their individuality, and that performing their home tasks without external assistance works to enhance their self-esteem, several technological and social solutions can help older people cope with these challenges. First of all, appropriate home design may substantially reduce the risk of traumas; convenient stairways, better lighting, handrails – all these can successfully remedy human factors issues in geriatrics (Schulz, 2007). Second, when it comes to household chores, a range of in-home services including delivered meals and home health visits can â€Å"extend the ability of the elderly to live independently† (Czaja, 1990). However, older people’s striving to independence is not limited to home activities. Work remains one of the critical factors of social and individual success later in life. Objectively, and in the light of the current demographic trends, businesses are no longer able to design work environments in a way that fits both younger and older workers; â€Å"clearly, most businesses and industries now need to develop strategies to accommodate an aging workforce† (Schulz, 2007). In this context, the two essential individual factors of aging come into place. First, business owners face a challenge of compensating for age-related visual deficits. Second, they are also bound to comply and cope with hearing issues in older workers. These two aspects are fairly regarded as the two most important human engineering factors of aging (Charness Schaie, 2003). It is difficult to deny the fact that the changes in peripheral vision, color perceptions, motion perceptions, as well as anatomical changes in hearing, the loss of frequency and intensity of sound perceptions, as well as distorted sound localization may significantly reduce and even discriminate against the older worker’s desire and ability to work. At the same time, more and more older people remain in the workforce; many of them undertake part-time jobs. Not only does work help older people preserve their individuality and independence, but it also relieves the social and unemployment burden at the state and federal levels (Czaja, 1990). That is why businesses do not have any other choice but to seek effective human factors engineering solutions to cope with the discussed issues. Unfortunately, although the amount of information about aging is affluent, the data on the implications of aging for work is rather scarce. Generally, books on human factors engineering refer to ergonomic considerations (better workplace design, accommodation, and possible use of assistive technologies), equipment redesign, and possible training needs (Schulz, 2007). These, however, do not address such factors of aging in work environments as absenteeism and turnover (Czaja, 1990). As a result, when it comes to work environments, jobs for older people should be designed to help them preserve their productivity and remain a part of the workforce, even when the need to be absent from work arises. For example, the use of computer technologies could help older people take jobs that do not require leaving their homes. When it comes to vision and hearing issues, a range of information processing computer software could be utilized to enhance the quality of older people’s interactions with the real world (Charness Schaie, 2003). In similar ways, technology can be successfully used to help older people train their memory, cognitive skills, and attention. For example, older people can be trained to use computer technologies as a part of their attention and memory improvement strategies. Similar recommendations can also cover the areas of communication, transportation, and leisure. Unfortunately, professional human factors engineering research is only at the initial stage of its evolution, and whether older people are given a chance to participate in the major life activities also depends on how well human factors engineering professionals will perform in terms of empirical and practical research. Also, how well businesses and authorities use and implement recommendations and requirements presented as a result of human factors engineering research will predetermine older’ people success in socialization, work, communication and other life activities. Conclusion Human factors engineering is a multidisciplinary science that studies the ways in which humans interact with different environments. When it comes to geriatrics, human factors engineering is expected to study older people’s work and personal capabilities, their limitations, and the ways of addressing and overcoming them. Given that more and more older people live alone and strive to keep their jobs as a matter of better self-esteem and independence, many of them may face serious challenges associated with inevitable physiological biological, cognitive, and mechanical changes. Although the data regarding possible human factors solutions is rather limited, it is very probable that the nearest decade will give older people broader opportunities for self-realization in various social domains, from work to leisure and communication.

Comparison of Ancient Greek Pottery :: essays papers

Comparison of Ancient Greek Pottery Throughout the history of Ancient Greece thousands of great works of art were produced. Works were created in many different media, ranging from life-size statues to larger than life architectural structures. One type of art that can sometimes be overlooked, though, is pottery. There are many examples of great Greek pottery, but the two that will be used as a sample are Artemis Slaying Actaeon and Woman and Maid. By considering the backgrounds of these works, and comparing them directly we are able get a taste not only of the artistic styles of the time, but also a taste of ancient Greek culture. Artemis Slaying Actaeon and Woman and Maid share many common characteristics, due to the fact that they came from Greece, around the same time in history. Both works were produced between 480B.C.E.-320B.C.E. , the classical period of Greek art. The first, Artemis Slaying Actaeon was made circa 470B.C.E. in the early classical period, during the transition from the more stylized art of the Archaic period. The other came from around 450 B.C.E., during the high classical period when Greek art was most prominent and produced some of its most refined works. Despite the artistic beauty of the two vases, both were made for more than just decoration. The vase depicting Artemis is what was called a Bell Krater and was used for mixing the popular Greek drink of water and wine. The other, called a Lekythos was used to pour liquids during elaborate burial ceremonies to honor the wealthy. Another main function of pottery in many cases is to tell a story, which is exactly what Artemis Slaying Actaeon intends. The vase depicts the goddess of the hunt, Artemis, slaying a hunter Actaeon, whom accidentally intruded on her bathing while on a hunt. On the other hand, Woman and Maid is intended as a remembrance of a wealthy woman, and depicts an offering of a chest of valuables from a slave girl to the deceased. Just at first glance of these two vases, one can tell that they were crafted in very different styles, giving a distinct look to each. The contrast of light and dark on the two vessels are what stand out to make each piece unique. Anyone can notice that while Artemis Slaying Actaeon is mostly black, the Woman and Maid is very a luminous white.

Essay --

†¢ O Insulin: O In T1D, the body does not produce insulin. O Insulin is a hormone, needed for converting sugar, starches, and other food into energy. O Insulin is a polypeptide hormone, made by the beta cells in the pancreas. These regulate the metabolism of glucose and other nutrients in the body. O Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. O Only 5% of people with diabetes have this form of the disease. O Inheritance: O Inheritance patterns in T1D are not clearly known, although they are passed down through generations in families. O Its is not known if it is dominant or recessive, because of too many variables. O T1D is both considered pleiotropic and mitochondrial. O This is a polygenetic disease; any of a group of genes that each produce a small quantitative effect on a particular characteristic of the phenotype. O Although it can be inherited, some environmental factors can lead to T1D. O Genotypes: O Certain risk factors are not known specifically, but certain variants can be identified. O Three main genes have been identified: HLA-DQA1, HLA-DQB1, and HLA-DRB1. O These genes belong to the human leukocyte antigen family, or HLA. O HLA genes separate good proteins made by the body, from bad proteins such as those made by viruses and bacteria. O Commonality: O Previously known as juvenile diabetes, Type 1 diabetes can occur at any age, but is typically diagnosed in children, teens, and young adults. O 1 in every 500 children or adolescents are diagnosed with T1D. O By age 18, 1 in 300 people develop T1D in the United states. O About 285 million people world wide suffer from diabetes. O By 2030, it is estimated that 435 million people will have been diagnosed wit... ...y injections and insulin pump therapy. O Pricking the finger several times a day monitors blood-glucose levels. O T1D patients are encouraged to eat healthy and stay active. O Food is most concerning because of how fast glucose levels can rise and fall, considering sugar content in food. O Life with Diabetes Type 1: O â€Å"Both children and adults like me who live with type 1 diabetes need to be mathematicians, physicians, personal trainers, and dietitians all rolled into one. We need to be constantly factoring and adjusting, making frequent finger sticks to check blood sugars, and giving ourselves multiple daily insulin injections just to stay alive.† O Limitations: O Food consumption! O Calories and carbs. Are calculated every day, just to try and keep vital organs from failing. O Others: Cold, sunburn, stress, and too much or too little excersize. O Organizations:

King Lear Essay

â€Å"King Lear† is one of the greatest dramas written by Shakespeare. It is a poetic tragedy in which the good as well as bad characters play their role. King Lear has three daughters; Goneril, Regan andCordelia. Cordelia is the youngest daughter. She is an important character of the play. In the last act, she is hanged and her death seems unjustified. But it is not true. Shakespeare changed his source material to give his â€Å"King Lear† a tragic ending. Thus there is the defeat of Cordelia’s army,the imprisonment of Lear and Cordelia, and Cordelia’s murder in the prison. This tragic end did not find favour with some critics who felt Cordelia’s death is unjustified. The other school of thought how ever feels that dramatic inevitability demands the death of Cordelia. Before justifying Cordelia’sdeath, it is necessary to understand some points of her nature. In the first Act of the Play, when it is Cordelia’s turn to tell her father how much she loves him, she surprises everybody by saying that she has â€Å"nothing† to say. In this context when asked by her father if she has really nothing to say, Cordelia repeats the word â€Å"nothing†. Lear then tells her:â€Å"Nothing will come of nothing. †Cordelia elaborates the reply she has already given. She says that he as her father, has brought her up and loved her and that in return she has always obeyed, loved and honoured him. She says thatwhen she gets married, half of her love will go to her husband and remaining half for her father. This reply irritates Lear and he dis inherits her. Then the Duke of Burgundy refuses to marry her on being told that she will bring him no dowry at all. Cordelia makes a dignified remark: â€Å"Peace be with Burgundy! Since, that respect of fortune are his love, I shall not be his wife. † We also see that she has a deep love for her father. Later in the play, when Cordelia and Lear are united, she looks after him in his illness. When Lear says that she has sufficient cause to be annoyed with him, she says: â€Å"No cause, no cause. † It is a touching moment in the play. As a consequence of a plot hatched by Edmond, Cordelia is hanged, and we then see Lear carrying her dead body. The death of Cordelia comes as a shock to all of us. To justify her death, we should look at the weakness of her nature. The whole conduct of Cordelia in the opening scene shows that she is a woman of few words. She is by nature reticent. She does not believe in showing off her affections for her father. At the sametime, we cannot deny that this incapacity on her part to express her love for her father is a fault in her nature. If the old man wanted to gratify his dignity, Cordelia should have come out with some sort of assurance that she loved her father deeply because sometimes it is better for a person toexpress his love in words in order to satisfy the other person. There was no need for her to be asblunt as she has proved to be. Her father is aware that she loves him the best but he wants to hear her speak about her love; and her failure to speak annoys him greatly. Thus the fault is not entirelyon Lear’s side; Cordelia cannot completely be exonerated. Her sere nature proves to be the, causeof Lear’s undoing (ruin) and her undoing too. Later on, when she comes to fight against the BritishForces, she makes it clear that it is not on account of any military ambition or any desire for conquest that this invasion is taking place but on account of her love for her father an for therestoration of his rights to him. Thus it cannot be another fault because she could succeed in her purpose by some other means than by fighting. .Bradley rightly points out that Cordelia suffers from a tragic imperfection. It is true that she isdeeply wronged by Lear in the opening scene, but we cannot assert that she her was wholly rig inher behaviour. At a moment, when a momentous issue is under discussion, Fate makes on her theone demand which she is unable to meet. It is a demand which other heroin of Shakespeare’s playscould have met. They could have made the old, unreasonable king feel that he was loved fondly bythem . But Cordelia could not do so because she is Cordelia. We neither blame her, nor justify her completely; we simply experience the tragic emotions of pity. It is noteworthy that Cordelia is notalways reticent; she is not always tongue-tied as several passages show in the play. But tender emotion, for her father makes her dumb as she says: â€Å"Unhappy that I am; I cannot heaveMy heart into my mouth. † But this particular trait in Cordelia’s nature is n the only cause of Lear’s rage in the opening scene. When he asks her to mend her speech a little, she gives him a lengthy answer saying that half of her love will go her husband and that she cannot â€Å"love her father all†. Now even if she is speakingthe truth here, she is not speaking the absolute truth because to give love to a husband cannotmean taking away any part of love from a father. Her responsibility for tragic events cannot bedenied. Through her tragic imperfection, she contributes something to the conflict. While thetragedy is largely due to Lear’s own fault, it is in no small measure due to a deficiency in Cordelia. As the dying Lear gives us a perfect picture of her nature in a few Words: â€Å"Her voice was ever soft;gentle and low, an excellent thing in woman. † She is a loving daughter as in the play it has beensaid:â€Å"Thou hast one daughter,Who redeems nature from the general curseWhich twain have brought her to. †Mrs. Jameson compares Cordelia as the heroine of filial tenderness, with the self-devotion of Antigone, the daughter of Oedipus, saying: â€Å"To Antigone, we give our admiration; to Cordelia our tears. Dr Johnson felt that the tragic ending of â€Å"King Lear†, especially the death of Cordelia,violates poetic justice (the virtuous to be rewarded and the wicked to be punished). Besides, he feltthat is the play, the wicked prosper, and the virtuous miscarry (be unsuccessful). The veryconception of a Shakespearean tragedy cannot be squared with such a simple theory of poetic justice of the reward due to virtue. The wages of sin is always death though the rew ard of virtue isnot always happiness. Cordelia’s death is a final crushing blow inflicted upon the repentant King. Atragedy in which everything can be explained and justified is not a tragedy at all. Dr Bradley is of the opinion that the end is to be tragic, it is bound to be completed with the death of Cordelia. It was not possible for Shakespeare to have given King Lear peace and happiness at Cordelia’s fire-side. We cannot dissociate Lear from Cordelia and think of one surviving the other. Lear’s fate,therefore, involves the fate of Cordelia. Her death is sacrificial, and upon such sacrifices whatever gods there may be pour their incense. Goodness and wickedness are each its reward and a truereward— that reconciles us to the close of tragedies in which the great suffer, Lear and Cordelia aremore victims than offenders. The death of Cordelia constitutes an appropriate ending for the play. Some critics are of the opinionthat this death makes the play too sad. Nahum Tate went to the extent of altering the event at theend in order to give it a happy ending. But a happy ending to the play would not really be suitable. Cordelia’s death seems to be gratuitous (uncalled-for) but in tragedy, the suffering of a goodcharacter is always excessive. Therefore, if Cordelia meets her death in spite of her being innocent,we should not protest against the author’s judgment. The divine forces are not unjust. It should be remembered that it is human error that has broughtabout the sufferings of Lear and Cordelia; fate has little role in the matter. Cordelia’s dumbnesscaused all her suffering— that indeed is a concept of justice few can quarrel with, and her deathmakes her character memorable.

Electronic Sources †Internet Essay

I will research promotional methods on the Internet including leaflets, in which I will look at the distribution of local newspapers to see how far advertisements spread. I decided to use a wide range of sources, as I believe this will give me a more reliable source to draw conclusions and to evaluate. Some information can only be found from one source such as the most popular brand of electrical appliances, which can only be found out by using a questionnaire. Another reason for a wide variety of sources is to allow me to find out information such as markets, which are not catered for by large companies, I will then cater for this market. I will carry out questionnaires or use research already carried out by another company, which will allow me to use textbooks or the Internet. I will group the people on their response to my research in social grades. This will help to create an image of the average wage, and class in the local area. Then I will cater for the group that the majority of people fit into. SECTION 4 RESULTS OF RESEARCH SECTION 5 PROMOTIONAL METHODS RECCOMMENDED I have reviewed all of my results and thought carefully about the recommendations I will give to the business ‘Electrical Retailer’. From my research I have found that the social grade of the local area is C and the average pay is between â€Å"15000-â€Å"25000. The majority of these people do not shop locally, and the main reason is that the local shops do not cater for their needs. This is shows me that I there would be place for me to sell my goods, aimed at social group C. This is because of the people surveyed the majority fit into this group, so it makes sense to primarily aim for them, and then unskilled workers. Also the shop that most of people say they shop at is out side of the local area, but they would shop locally if they had the choice. Source A and B shows the popularity of papers and how often they are read. These bar charts surprised me as I found out that the Spalding Guardian and the Lincolnshire Free Press was attracting a larger readership yet papers tend to be read more daily. This is a factor which I will definitely need to consider as newspaper advertisement is a possible promotional method, however I still believe that I will portray my message to inform potential customers and attract them towards my business. Source C shows a pie chart and my results show the different types of media and their accessibility. Television clearly stood out and then poster billboards on transport. This question told me a lot and played a big part in deciding the type of advertisement to use to promote the business. As part of my competition I looked in national newspapers and on the Internet to search for promotional methods used by Curry’s. Below I have found an advert, which from my market research I know is very expensive and therefore the size of the company is large. Also Curry’s attracts millions of customers throughout the country which is why they advertise nationally instead of locally. I found out that 25 slots a week prime time, which is when the radio is listened to most between 4. 01 – 8. 00pm costs   1000. This company has built up a massive customer base over many years, which is why I have a budget of   8000 for the first year of trading to spend on promoting the business. I think that the best method for me to use is poster billboards on public transport. Even though more people have access to a television, this media is not suitable for my business. I will also use leaflets as this would mean that I could put in coupons for the reader. Also that I should use bright colours in my advert, as my leaflets should have a distinctive shape. I will advertise on the local transport system i 780 per year, for a large advert on the back of a bus. The leaflets that I will produce will cost i 145 for a 1000 delivery, and will be in full colour both sides. Leaflets will contain information such as sales, the different range of stock being sold and prices. Also I will advertise in the local paper each month with a relatively small advert which is cheap. I will change my method of advertising depending on the time of year. This is because I feel that more advertising should be done when events like Christmas take place or the January sales. From my research I know that I need to advertise months before Christmas around about October to benefit. I have constructed a table, which shows how I will budget my advertising costs throughout my first year of trading. A lump sum of money is kept aside in case all goes wrong.

Qar Reading Strategy

Grade Level(s)| K-3| When? | Literary Focus| Before| Fluency| During| Comprehension| After| Vocabulary| | Writing| | Oral Language| Q. A. R. (Question-Answer-Relationships) Question-Answer Relationships, or QAR, is a reading comprehension strategy developed to aid in the approach that students take when reading texts and answering questions about that text. Students learn to categorize types of questions which in turn help them know where to find information. It encourages students to be active, strategic readers of texts. QAR  outlines  where information can be found â€Å"In the Text† or â€Å"In my Head. It then breaks down the actual question-answer relationships into four types: Right There, Think and Search, Author and Me, and On My Own. (Fisher, D. , Brozo, W. G. , Frey, N. , & Ivey, G, 2011, pg. 81) STEP-BY-STEP and EXAMPLE Chosen text: Frog and Toad Together, by Arnold Lobel 1. Hook/Engagement–Begin by reviewing what students have already learned about how to ask questions as a way to understand the meaning of texts. For example using this reading asks them to talk about the kinds of questions they can ask before, during, and after reading. Next, introduce the idea that there are two kinds of questions you can ask about texts.Explain to students that an â€Å"In the Text† question is a question that students can find the answer to by looking in the book that they are reading. An â€Å"In My Head† question is a question that requires students to think about what their own knowledge is to answer the question. Review a book that you have recently read aloud with students. Write the example below on a piece of chart paper or on the blackboard. Choose a few â€Å"In the Text† and â€Å"In My Head† questions about the book that obviously belong to one category or the other, and have students tell you in which column to write the question.When you give students a literal question, have them show you where they fo und the answer in the book. When you ask them an â€Å"In My Head† question, go through the book with them and show them that they couldn't find the answer in the book. Have them give answers to the â€Å"In My Head† questions and explain how they answered them ( thinking about what they have learned that is not in the book). Here are some examples of the two types: â€Å"In the Text† questions| â€Å"In my Head† questions| What is the title of the book? What is the author's name? How long is the book? | Do I like the title? Have I read any other books by this author?How long will it take me to read this book? | Explain that they are going to learn more and ask these types of questions about a new book you are going to read together. 2. Measurable Objectives–Explain that you are going to read the first three chapters of Frog and Toad Together aloud to them, and they are going to help you make a list of â€Å"In the Text† and â€Å"In My Hea d† questions. Then, they are going to help you answer the questions and see how these types of questions will help them to understand the story. 3. Focused Instruction–Review with students the four types of questions explained in the QAR Strategy.Explain that there are two types of â€Å"In the Text† questions and two types of â€Å"In My Head† questions. Draw a copy of the QAR table on chart paper or on the blackboard or use an overhead projector. The table should look something like this: â€Å"In the Text† questions| â€Å"In My Head† questions| Right There| Think and Search| Author and Me| On my Own| Read the first chapter, â€Å"A List,† from Frog and Toad Together aloud to students. Next, write the questions listed below under the â€Å"Right There† heading. Read the questions aloud, look through the chapter, show the students where you found the answer, and then think aloud the answer. . Right There i. What is the first t hing Toad writes on his list? â€Å"When I turn to page 4, I see that the first thing Toad writes on his list is ‘Wake up. ‘† ii. Who is the friend Toad goes to see? â€Å"When I turn to page 9, I see that Toad goes to see Frog. † Next, write these questions under the â€Å"Think and Search† heading. Read the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. b. Think and Search iii. What caused Toad to forget what was on his list? â€Å"I read that Toad's list blew away and Frog did not catch it, so that is why Toad couldn't remember what was on his list. iv. How did Toad finally remember what was the last thing on his list was? â€Å"Frog reminded Toad that it was getting dark and they should be going to sleep – the last thing on Toad's list. † Next, write these questions under the â€Å"Author and Me† heading. Read the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. c. Author and Me v. What do you think of Toad's list? †Å"I think that writing a list of things to do is a good idea. But, Toad could have left off some things, like waking up or getting dressed, because he doesn't need to be reminded to do that. † vi.Did you agree with the reason Toad gives for not chasing after his list? â€Å"No. I think that he should have chased after his list, even if it that wasn't one of the things on his list. He couldn't have written that on his list anyway because he didn't know the list would blow away. † Next, write these questions under the â€Å"On My Own† heading. Read the questions aloud and then think aloud the answers. d. On My Own vii. Have you or somebody in your family even written a list of things to do? â€Å"Yes. I have written a list of things that I have to do on a weekend day because that is not like a school day.On weekends, I do lots of different things, so I have to write a list to remind myself of all the things I have to do. † viii. What would you do if you lost your to-do list and couldn't find it? â€Å"I would look for it for a while and if I couldn't find it, I'd write a new list of things to do. † 4. This would be followed up with guided practice, independent practice, assessment, and the reflecting/planning. References Fisher, D. , Brozo, W. G. , Frey, N. , & Ivey, Gay. (2011). 50 Instructional Routines to Develop Content Literacy. Boston:Pearson.

Difficulty of Predicting Terror Attacks in the United States Essay

Difficulty of Predicting Terror Attacks in the United States - Essay Example The paper explores the reasons that make the prediction of terror attacks in the United States a difficult affair. Difficulty of Predicting Terror Attacks in the United States Introduction Modern times have witnessed a transformation of terror groups into barbaric and more determined groups. The present terrorism model differs from the previous models as it is characterized by loosely articulated political objectives, indiscriminate attacks, and efforts to attain maximum psychological and social disruption. The differentiations between the present and past models have left serious gaps in preventing and disrupting terror attacks. This has come in the backdrop of a growing Islamic resentment of the United States, which has become entrenched within the world. The significance of understanding terrorism in the United States was heightened in the wake of 9/11 attacks. America’s sense of immunity to large-scale terrorist attacks within its own borders suffered a massive blow with 9 /11 attacks. The attacks were a traumatic awakening to America. The success of the 9/11 attacks was grounded in three prominent capabilities that terror organizations such as Al-Qaeda still retain. These include the capability to exploit vulnerabilities of the enemy, effective employment of deception, and the application of suicide attacks to enhance success (Bullock, Haddow & Coppola, 2012). Despite the focus, little is known about general patterns of terror attacks within the U.S. Terrorists have honed their capability to gather intelligence, employ technology, and identify security gaps. As a result, predicting terrorist activities has become a tall order. Making assessments on future likelihood or consequences of terror attack is in essence an elusive undertaking (Pillar, 2011). This is mainly compounded by the fact that there are limited statistical data detailing terrorist attacks from which to parameterize terrorism risk. Besides, relevant variables influencing terror underta kings such as target type, weapon type, and target (geographical) location are hard to pin point. Terrorist threat is perpetually changing in ways that make it dangerous and difficult to counter. While most terrorist activities were traditionally confined in conflict- prone areas, especially in the last decade, terrorist activities have attained a global dimension. The main focus of terror attacks centre on inflicting massive civilian casualties and causing lasting economic damage. This propels the urgency in attaining capability to predict and pre-empt such attacks (Forest, 2007). The impact of terrorist attacks in the society has been so severe to the extent of becoming imperative to predict and disrupt the attacks. Most of the successful terrorist attacks exhibit common features such as meticulous long-term planning, cautious target selection, access to destruction means, and effective support in terms of logistics. The overriding question in those circles is not if but when. Irr espective of the mode and scale of attack, few Americans doubt that time is quickly running out. Nevertheless, this view tends to be contestable and may even be exaggerated. It is difficult or even impossible to predict terrorist intentions. Indexing of potential terrorist attacks is based on criteria such as motivation of terrorists, presence of terror groups, efficacy of the groups in undertaking terror acts, the scale and frequency of previous

The Legalization Of Genetically Choosing The Feature of Child Research Paper

The Legalization Of Genetically Choosing The Feature of Child - Research Paper Example It is therefore not a new striking issue to finally end up with concern about the legalization of genetically choosing the feature of one’s own child. This is due to the fact that humans aim at improving ways in order to eliminate various negative health concerns of the humanity. One substantial proof is the ongoing studies or research and implementation of stem cells technology which at some point is aimed at trying to combat various hereditary defects and even future diseases in humans. Genetically choosing the feature of a child would make sense after all. These studies in addressing human health concerns are essentials for the human survival, but the actual implementation of their results may probably pose significant challenges and disadvantages that at some point may only be beneficial for the powerful few. At this point, I will state the promises or advantages of genetically choosing the feature of a child based on the results of genetic modifications in various animals , plants, and organisms (Reuter et al. 989; Kim et al. 534; Jang et al. 2011; Kilic and Akay 1164). The study of Reuter et al is about identifying the importance of herbicide resistant plant which the bottom line has a significant implication on protecting the environment in a wide scale. Kim et al’s research aims at understanding the therapeutic effects of genetically modified neural stem cells which found remarkable evidence of future advantage. The investigation of Jang et al has positive implications on the advantages of genetic modification on mass production of agricultural products. Finally, Kilic and Akay investigated the potential effect of transgenic crop (Bt corn) on health, but found no substantial evidence on rats. Based on the above evidences and results of different mentioned studies, there is a remarkable reason to believe that genetic modification of child’s character would also lead to success and substantial benefits especially in eradicating those h armful features causing negative impacts on human health and survival in general. I plan to point out that although there are remarkable advantages in genetic modification, its main application should only be confined and limited to plants, animals and organisms but not on humans. SUBCLAIMS: The issue about genetic modification is so complex that it is not only confined in purely scientific concerns but it involves the whole aspects of humanity. Thus, among the most important issues that are integrated in genetic modifications are social, political and economic. 1. Choosing a feature of a child via genetic modification is a great social concern. a. In here, I would include studies claiming that genetic modifications have significant benefits for the humanity which leads to positive acceptance of it. b. Particularly, I would employ the study of Guehlstorf and Hallstrom on â€Å"The role of culture in risk regulations: a comparative case study of genetically modified corn in the Unit ed States of America and European Union.†. This specifically points out the different stand of the US and European nations on genetic modification. For example, the stand of Germany on genetic modification (Christoph, Bruhn and Roosen, â€Å"Knowledge, attitudes towards and acceptability of genetic modification in Germany.†). c. I would specifically point out that the varying stand on genetic modification is a bottom line issue in line with social concern. In here, I would emphasize that due to different perspectives in looking at genetic

GDP as a measure of welfare Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GDP as a measure of welfare - Research Paper Example This measures happiness directly by interviewing people about how they feel about their health, wealth, and education and then attaching weights to the respective responses.One good thing about this measure is that it measures the well-being by incorporating material and spiritual development side by side as explained by sustainable development, cultural values, conservation, and good governance. Country  SWL IndexKuwait  240Uruguay  176South Sudan  120*Burkina Faso  156.67Zimbabwe  160Hungary  190Note: South Sudan SWL Index of 120 is for the greater Sudan before it seceded.(b)  Kuwait versus UruguayWhere it compares poorly against Uruguay: Adult Literacy and Life Expectancy at Birth.Here it fares better against Uruguay: Real GDP per capita and Internet user population percentage.(c)  GDP tends to determine most of the variables. The plot below is a display of the trend of the percentage each value contributes over time or ordered categories. GDP is not a good measu re because it does not take into account the specific distribution of the incomes to the hands of individuals. They could only be going to few hands hence it does not measure the general welfare of the people.One good thing about this measure is that it measures the well-being by incorporating material and spiritual development side by side as explained by sustainable development, cultural values, conservation, and good governance. Country  SWL IndexKuwait  240Uruguay  176South Sudan  120*Uruguay  176South Sudan  120*

Earth and Space Science Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Earth and Space Science - Assignment Example The moon, bombarded by millions of meteorites and asteroids, is where Neil Armstrong's still tangible footprints are said to survive perhaps a million more years in the absence of air to change their form. Farther out, a traveler's curiosity is taken to an acquaintance with the planet named after the goddess of love and beauty for bearing a splendor as the solar system's brightest. Indeed the spectacular yellow clouds reflect the sunlight and the size and gravity of Venus is near that of the Earth's but the dazzling clouds are actually made of sulfuric acid and its atmosphere a noxious carbon-dioxide-concentrated air. With an unbearable pressure and temperature approaching 500Â °C, an experience of staying in it is nowhere as lonely as it is seen from afar or from an illusion which, once broken by reality, entails corrosion, suffocation, and destruction of a living matter. The possibility of life also becomes amply questionable at the sight of a global image, sun-scorched to 400Â ° C by midday yet acquires an extreme end of -170Â °C at nighttime. ... With over 5,000Â °C of hotness at the surface able to launch a nuclear reaction and tens of millions of degrees down its core, the Sun's power is far more than could possibly enter a wild pondering, as it turns millions of tons of matter into energy every second exceeding that made by man and blasting severe radiation onto the outer space through the electrified incandescent gases. Comets, being the documentary's additional exhibit, are depicted to be icy wastes of deep space whose tails extend to millions of kilometers. At a closer look, audience sees a vast dirty snowball covered in tar from which grains of an organic-looking parts disintegrate gradually. Much as the comets had been discovered of certain properties besides preservation in ice, the quest of astronauts and scientists has gone about prospecting Mars for any signs of life. Mars, a red and dead planet, looks as if it were a giant fossil with twirling devilish dusts presumably larger than the largest tornado that ever o ccurred on Earth. Though it is somewhat real close to capturing human imagination of familiarity and probable living, Mars is proven to contain too thin an air for breathing with significant levels of hazards caused by carbon dioxide everywhere. In it there is nothing to shield humans from the Sun's UV rays unlike the layer of ozone on this planet and protection against sickening coldness of -80Â °C neither exists. The dead planet, nevertheless, may be claimed to take pride in its immense ancient volcano that is three times the altitude of Mt. Everest and the seemingly 'grand canyon' land form which must have had some geological activities as evidenced with the way it looks in the presentation aided by the special apparatus in space.

Part 2 Theories of the Policy Process Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Part 2 Theories of the Policy Process - Essay Example Bentley's (1908) research offered preliminary insights on how advocacy groups affect the policy process. After Bentley's research, numerous studies on interest groups followed, with each study revealing the importance of interest groups to the policymaking process and the difficulty of measuring the impact of interest group influence on the policymaking process (Baumgartner & Leech, 1998, p. 45-46). In addition to interest groups, political scientists also emphasized the role of bureaucrats, policymakers, and the media in the policy process. All of these entities could influence a specific policy subsystem such as agricultural subsidy policy, pesticide regulatory policy, or any policy considered by policymakers. Over the course of 100 years, political scientists used case studies and quantitative analyses to further examine the impact of these variables on the policy process. By the late 1980s, this collection of research helped to provide the theoretical backdrop to models such as the ACF and PE that attempted to theorize about policy process. The ACF owes much of its intellectual heritage to research on the impact of interest groups on the policy process. This line of research started in the early 1900s and can be roughly divided into four eras. In the first era, lasting from 1900- 1930s, researchers examined the pressure tactics of groups and the impact of those tactics on the policy process. Significant works during this era included Arthur Bentley's (1908) The Process of Government. Bentley broadly theorized that groups compete against one another in order to influence governmental processes (p. 222,269). Although Bentley was not concerned with constructing specific theories on group activity, his research was the first to suggest that groups influenced the policy process. It also helped political scientists refocus their research efforts to other aspects of government aside from legalistic examinations of governing institutions (Bentley, 1908, p. 162). Similar works that examined the role of interest groups, or pressure groups as they were commonly known during this period, followed with each work examining the importance of interest groups in policymaking and reconciling that notion with theories of government and democracy (Griffith, 1939; Herring, 1929; Odegard, 1928; Schattschneider, 193 5; see also Cleveland, 19 13; Crawford, 1939; Croly, 19 15; Pollock, 1927; Zeller, 1937). Even more than Arthur Bentley, whose work was generally not even recognized until the 1950s, these researchers made the study of interest groups' impact on the policy process noteworthy (Garson, 1978, p. 77). However, it was not until the 1950s that interest group research really became important to political science. During this second era of research, lasting approximately from the 1940s- 1960s, the study of interest group influence on the policy process reached its scholarly zenith as the administrative size of the federal government increased. Research during this time period reaffirmed the importance of interest groups to policymaking (Griffith, 195 1 ; Latham, 1952; Truman, 1951 ; see also Key, 1952; McConnell, 1966). Some of the most influential research also extended the notion of interest group influence on the policy process to the notion that interest groups, policymakers, and agencies jointly controlled the policy proc