The Rise of Colonialism and its Impact on Modern Society

In the middle of the 1 5th century, as the Roman Empire was weakening, the fall of Constantinople marked a bigger impact than anyone could have considered. The Ottoman Empire had reign to advance into the Mediterranean, and that meant that traveling east on land was not an option. With the Renaissance about to emerge, it became a springboard for the development of advanced ships. This marked the beginning of the Age of Exploration and Colonialism. The Europeans had every advantage.Their immune system had seen all the diseases in the Old World, while he native conquered people's immune system had only seen a few diseases. The Europeans had far more superior crops and domesticated animals. Cows, pigs, and chicken are considered super animals compared to their wild counterparts, although the wild counterparts do not even exist in the New World. The same could be said for rice, barley, and wheat. The New World had never seen these types of food. The conquered spent their days looking for sustenance while the Europeans were developing guns and telescopes.Because the backbone of the European nations was so developed and stable, their technology and power skyrocketed. With the power, colonization and slavery thrived. From Africa and Asia to the New World, pockets of colonies emerged and developed. Often conquering the entire continent, the colonizers went to work to extract what they thought was important. There were no rights for the conquered. They were in the European man's world and had to go along for the ride. Racial prejudice rears its ugly head throughout the two World Wars and exists even today.The concept of racism was developed during the Age of Colonialism. The thought that any particular type of person based on looks and color was better did not exist ecause it is not true. But during and after the Age of Colonialism, racism was taught to Europeans and enforced to non-Europeans. Europeans thought that looks and color of the Anglos meant more trustworthine ss and intelligence. Unfortunately, the majority of Europeans did not realize that trustworthiness and intelligence are both learned behaviors, and that non-Europeans were taught to be â€Å"uncivilized†.With the conviction of superiority, the Europeans subdued and dominated regions throughout the planet. Africa, in particular, has a long history of colonization from the Europeans. Conquest is defined as the subjugation and assumption of control of a place or people by the use of military force. Major parts of Africa were conquered by the Europeans since ancient times. From the 7th century, Arab trade with sub-Saharan Africa led to a gradual colonization of East Africa, around Zanzibar and other bases.Although trans-Saharan trade led to a small number of West African cities developing Arab quarters, these were not intended as colonies, and while Morocco attempted to conquer areas of the Sahel in the Moroccan war, it was soon forced to withdraw its troops atter pillaging the a rea. Early European expeditions concentrated on colonizing previously uninhabited islands such as the Cape Verde Islands and S ¤o Tom © Island, or establishing coastal forts as a base for trade.These forts often developed areas of influence along coastal strips, but, with the exception of the Senegal River, the vast interior of Africa was not colonized and was little-known to Europeans until the late 19th century. Vincent Khapoya mentions Ali Mazrui's three interrelated broad reasons for European exploration of Africa: to increase knowledge, to spread Christianity and to increase national esteem. European enslavement of Africans, and visa-versa, existed along the coasts of East and West Africa since ancient times. The business exploded, however, after the Age of Colonialism was under way.During what was called by the European powers as, â€Å"The Scramble for Africa,† colonization was motivated by the European hunger for African resources. The subsequent exploitation of t he African people and the uprooting of their spiritual values by Christian missionaries would leave a permanent European stamp on the continent. Britain took the largest piece of the African cake, rom Cairo to Cape Town, in addition to Nigeria and a few West African regions. It was also the British Empire that in 1894, imposed an arbitrary boundary around the many diverse ethnic groups and kingdoms that would make up modern day Uganda.By exploiting linguistic, ethnic, and cultural differences between the different ethnic groups, Britain's divide and rule policies created tensions between the divided ethnic groups that helped maintain British rule. Officially, between 1884 and 1906 the Congo was controlled by a company entirely owned by King Leopold. The area was referred to as the ‘Belgian Free State. Until the end of the 1800s this company primarily exported ivory and palm-oil, a lubricant, from the Congo. Only a small profit was made from these products. At the end of the ce ntury, however, the world discovered rubber.Soon everyone wanted it to make tires, hoses, tubes, valves and many other products. Rubber is produced from a latex ‘sap' that came either from a tree or a vine, both of which grew exceptionally well in the Congo Jungle. Because of the new demand, the Belgian companies began demanding massive amounts of rubber from the Jungle and forced the natives to find massive amounts of it and eliver it to them. King Leopold became incredibly wealthy from the sale of rubber and the Congo paid the price. The method that most harvesters used to get the sap destroyed the trees and vines they took it from.Soon the Belgians began to hire soldiers to make sure that the natives produced the raw material. They threatened them with starvation, mutilation or even death if they did not produce enough rubber. Many times they followed through with the threats. Between the 1880s and 1903 the population of the Congo was reduced from over 20 million people to about 8. 5 million. Joseph Conrad, an author who was there during this time, in his book Heart of Darkness, best illustrated what was going on there when one character on his death bed comments on the situation by simply saying: â€Å"the horror, the horror. The term ‘imperialism' should not be confused with ‘colonialism'. Robert Young writes that imperialism operates from the center, it is a state policy, and is developed for ideological as well as financial reasons whereas colonialism is nothing more than development for settlement or commercial intentions. The Age of Imperialism was a ime period beginning around 1700 when modern, relatively developed nations were taking over less developed areas, colonizing them, or intluencing them in order to expand their own power.Although imperialist practices have existed for thousands of years, the term â€Å"Age of Imperialism† generally refers to the activities of nations such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, It aly, Japan and the United States in the early 18th through the middle 20th centuries, the â€Å"The Great Game† in Persian lands, the â€Å"Scramble for Africa† and the â€Å"Open Door Policy† in China. Genocide is the eliberate or systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, caste, religious, or national group.The Germans decided that certain ethnic groups were to be eradicated in Namibia. German Lieutenant-General Lothar von Trotha said, ‘l wipe out rebellious tribes with streams of blood and streams of money. Only following this cleansing can something new emerge'. Von Trotha brought with him to German South West Africa 10,000 heavily-armed men and a plan for war. During the period of colonization and oppression, many women were used as sex slaves. â€Å"To receive omen and children, most of them ill, is a serious danger to the German troops. And to feed them is impossible.I find it appropriate that the nation perishes instead of infecting our soldiers. † In the Herero work camps there were numerous children born to these abused women, and a man called Eugen Fischer, who was interested in genetics, came to the camps to study them. He decided that each mixed-race child was physically and mentally inferior to its German father and wrote a book promoting his ideas: â€Å"The Principles of Human Heredity and Race Hygiene†. Adolf Hitler read it hile he was in prison in 1923, and cited it in his own infamous pursuit of â€Å"racial purity'.We can see a trend that follows. For the colonized, life became a living hell. For the colonizers, life became extravagant and easy. These give and take relationships created the modern global economy that we have today. The scars of the past still haunt the wounds of today. Third world countries are still struggling for survival while the well fed first world nations are aligning themselves together to maintain their dominance. While the obvious means of colonizat ion may not be visible, the same characters are in control.

American Ethnic Literature

The word ‘ethnic’ denotes or derives from distinctive ways of living created by a group of people. Hence, American ethnic literature must be influenced by the ethnic or cultural ties of an ethnic American author, and must reveal to some extent the distinctive ways of living practiced by the ethnic group that the author represents. Biographical criticism entails a deeper comprehension of an author’s work by knowing the essential details of his or her life.Because writers are real people, the literature that they write generally contains reflections of themselves, the kinds of people they encounter in their lives, and the circumstances that they face. Not all people in the United States belong to the white European race. The Indians were settled on our land before the European whites came along to change the history of the land for ever. Africans were initially brought by the European whites to work as slaves on plantations. The Hispanics and the Asians also entered the land as immigrants.Still, the dominant community in the United States, in terms of population, is that of the European whites. Theirs is the predominant culture in America, and their literature is known as mainstream American literature. At the same time, the Native Americans maintain some of their ancient rites, in spite of America’s predominant culture of the European whites. The African Africans continue to be influenced by the music that their ancestors made on the ships that brought slaves to America (McBride, 2007). The Hispanic Americans and the Asian Americans also maintain aspects of their culture through their distinctive languages and foods.Unsurprisingly, these cultural differences must reveal themselves in American ethnic literature as compared to mainstream American literature. American Ethnic Literature 2 All of the different groups representing the Americans today are maintaining their ethnic differences, even if many of their members feel that they are o ne with the mainstream culture. As a matter of fact, it is but natural for the various ethnicities representing America in our time to be maintaining cultural differences, while trying to fit into the mainstream culture.As mentioned previously, the culture of different ethnic groups must reveal itself in the writings of ethnic American writers. When an American ethnic author does not reveal his or her distinctive culture in literature, however, it is reasonable to claim that the person’s writings represent mainstream American literature. Zane, for example, is an African American author of erotic fiction who is writing mainstream American literature. Although the author belongs to an American ethnic group, her writings do not reflect her ethnicity.She sometimes uses middle-class African American characters in her novels, but she also employs white American characters. Even so, an American writer of European descent may also be expected to do the same. Besides, Zane does not ma ke references in her books to her own race as opposed to the Americans of European descent, and neither does she complain about the problems that the Africans have gone through in America. Rather, the characters in Zane’s erotic novels could be people belonging to any number of races (Zane, 2001; Zane, 2005).One of Zane’s novels, Afterburn, is about a chiropractor in Washington D. C. who visits his local bank because he is interested in one of the employees of the bank. He believes that she is too beautiful to be a single woman, which is the reason why he has never asked her out. When American Ethnic Literature 3 he does, however, he finds out that she has a history of disastrous relationships. He, too, has a broken heart. And so, the two of them finally get together (Zane, 2005). While forming their bond, the man and the woman have to meet a variety of characters who add spice to their relationship.The woman has a fickle minded mother, the man has got playboys as budd ies, and then there are lovers from the past that keep trying to disrupt the new relationship. Nevertheless, Zane manages to turn the relationship into a tie of deep love and longing (Zane, 2005). Most importantly, she creates a story that could happen in anybody’s life. Because Zane is an American, her literature must be considered mainstream American literature. She is an African American, but her literature cannot be considered American ethnic literature seeing that it does not solely reflect the culture and values of the African Americans.Instead, Zane is one of those ethnic American writers who appear to have totally blended into the mainstream American culture. On a similar note, Jamaica Kincaid (1990) in her novel, Lucy, presents a nineteen year old young woman by the name of Lucy Josephine Potter who is trying to forget her roots in the West Indies. In the process, no doubt, the girl is trying to blend into the mainstream American culture. Kincaid is an American ethni c writer who was born in the West Indies (Benson & Hagseth, 2001). A biographical critic might assert that Lucy, the girl who came to North America as a nanny, is a reflection of the author.Regardless, Kincaid’s novel about Lucy may be considered American ethnic literature only because it contains glimpses of the author’s ethnicity. Lucy hated her old home, a British colony; and yet memories of her mother continue to haunt her, taking her back to West Indies. Her mother acts as a symbol for Lucy’s motherland. The American Ethnic Literature 4 girl feels emotionally unattached to her mother, and finds a better motherly model in the United States by the name of Mariah, who acts as a symbol for the new land the girl has come to occupy.Mariah replaces Lucy’s mother with respect to the kinds of feelings people are taught by nature or nurture to feel for their mothers. Moreover, Kincaid’s novel establishes a clear difference between Lucy’s mother a nd the character of Mariah. For example, Lucy’s mother was emotionally dependent on her daughter, to the point of becoming an emotional pain. The mother was also neglectful of the needs of her young daughter. Mariah, on the contrary, treats Lucy as a grownup. She exposes Lucy to the museums of America, and gives her presents.She also looks out for the well-being of the young Lucy during the time that she is adjusting to the new environment (Kincaid). Lucy feels far from her roots in West Indies. She would not read her mother’s letters that arrive in the mail. She wants to avoid the emotional pain that her mother brought into her life, by being oppressively reliant on her daughter. Furthermore, Lucy is trying to leave colonialism behind. She had shown rebellion in West Indies toward the oppressive invasion of the British. She had refused to sing in her school choir, â€Å"Rule, Britannia!† Just as her mother keeps on being brought to mind, colonialism surfaces in young Lucy’s flashbacks of West Indies. She wants to get away from it all. In America and on her own, the young girl would like to be an individualist, able to make her own decisions, and forgetting all that was painful and negative about the past (Kincaid). Because the focus of Kincaid’s book is the girl’s desire to blend into the mainstream American culture while forgetting the past, the novel may also be termed mainstream American American Ethnic Literature 5 literature.Given that it describes the author’s ethnicity thoroughly, however, it must be considered in part American ethnic literature. Amy Tan’s (1989) The Joy Luck Club is similarly part mainstream and part ethnic American literature. Containing sixteen stories that revolve around conflicts between old-fashioned mothers who are Chinese immigrants, and modern daughters who have been raised in the United States, the novel describes the mainstream American culture in addition to the Chines e culture. Tan is an Asian American author, and therefore her writing should have been ethnic American in its entirety.However, her writing reveals that an Asian American author feels like an American before she can relate to the Asian experience. Additionally, although the writer tries to bridge the gap between the two cultures that she is supposed to represent by having her characters travel to China, it is a fact that the American experience cannot be discounted by any means. The only ethnic American authors who write American ethnic literature must be ones who reflect solely on their ethnicity in their works, showing utter disregard for the mainstream American culture.The following passage describes some of these authors: During the years preceding the Civil War, America’s ethnic and racial minorities began to publish novels, poems, histories, and autobiographies that explored what it meant to be an outsider in a predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant society. The r esult was a unique body of ethnic writing chronicling the distinctive experience and changing self-image of ethnic Americans. One of the earliest forms of African American literature was the slave narrative, graphic American Ethnic Literature 6first-person accounts of life in bondage, written by former slaves, including William Wells Brown, Frederick Douglass, and Josiah Henson†¦ These volumes not only awoke readers to the hardships and cruelties of life under slavery, they also described the ingenious strategies that fugitive slaves used to escape from bondage. William and Ellen Craft, for example, disguised themselves as master and slave; Henry â€Å"Box† Brown had himself crated in a box and shipped north. †¦Native Americans, too, produced firsthand accounts of their lives. Among the mostnotable is the Life of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-she-kia-Kiak or Black Hawk (1833), a classic spiritual and secular biography, in which the Sauk warrior explains why he resisted white efforts to seize Indian land in northwestern Illinois during the Black Hawk War (1832). William Apes, a Pequod, published one of the earliest histories from an Indian vantage point in 1836. John Rollin Ridge, a Cherokee journalist, published the first novel by an Indian in 1850, The Life and Adventures of Joaquin Murieta, which recounts the heroic adventures of a Robin Hood–like bandit in California who protects Mexican Americans from white exploitation. Much more than a simple adventure story, this novel is also a thinly veiled protest of the treatment of Native Americans by someone who had personally experienced the removal of the Cherokees from their tribal homelands in Georgia (â€Å"American Ethnic Literature,† 2007). Such is truly American ethnic literature. It focuses solely on the ethnicity of the author, while disregarding if not rejecting the mainstream culture.On the other hand, novels by ethnic American authors that reveal the differences between mainstream Americ an culture as opposed American Ethnic Literature 7 to the authors’ respective ethnicities are not true American ethnic literature. This is due to the fact that the authors as well as their characters have attempted to blend into the mainstream culture by getting rid of their ethnic identities to a large extent. American Ethnic Literature 8 References American Ethnic Literature. (2007). Digital History. Retrieved September 24, 2007, fromhttp://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/database/article_display. cfm? HHID=646. Benson, K. M. , & Hagseth, C. (2001). Jamaica Kincaid. Voices from the Gaps. Retrieved September 24, 2007, from http://voices. cla. umn. edu/vg/Bios/entries/kincaid_jamaica. html. Kincaid, J. (1990). Lucy. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. McBride, J. (2007, April). Hip Hop Planet. National Geographic. Tan, A. (1989). The Joy Luck Club. New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons. Zane. (2001). Addicted. New York: Atria Books. ——. (2005). Afterburn. New York: Atria Books.

Education in the United States Personal Statement

Education in the United States - Personal Statement Example Choosing to come to the United States to further my academic studies seemed to be the logical next step for me in terms of higher education because my family has always had a well rounded, international education. After all, my father is an architect who lives in California, my mother works as a principal in South Korea, and my brother is already attending medical university studies in the United States at the University of Texas at Austin. I believe that my opportunity to have worked as a Japanese translator helped to entice me to further my studies in English and other languages. It was because of this desire to learn about other cultures and languages that I took a year-long sabbatical from my studies in order to travel and immerse myself in the cultures of China and Japan, the 2 most advanced and highly admired countries in Asia. I fully intend to return to my mother country after the completion of my degree in order to help my mother further expand and enhance the educational system in the school where she works as a principal. By working alongside her, I fully expect to effectively enact a language knowledge transfer program in our South Korean school. In the end, I hope to further raise the educational standards of our school using the knowledge that I will gain from my American educational experience. There are a number of reasons that come to mind as to why I wish to attend SUNY. However, the most important reason I have is that I have already lived in Texas for 3 years and have developed a liking for the area both for the educational opportunities that it offers, and the uniquely American lifestyle that I am experiencing while I live here. Since South Koreans are becoming a major part of the educational landscape of the United States, I am sure that I will be a welcome addition to the SUNY international student community where I can help other fellow South Koreans feel at home and welcome on campus.

American Cultural Mythologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

American Cultural Mythologies - Essay Example Rhetorical strategies majorly take the form of questions. Their speeches entailed logos, ethos and pathos in their rhetorical techniques. Rhetorical questions do not necessarily require an answer from the audience. They just offer a platform of sharpening and cognitive reflections of the audience. Audiences ponder on the implications of the questions and detect the bias presented by the author or presenter. Therefore, the answers of the questions are already disseminated by the course of the speech. The stand of the author or presenter produces the answer to a rhetorical question. This is an apparent implication that the answers of the questions are already set by the authors and presenters of the speech. This is an evident phenomenon in the speeches by Frederick, Truth and Jefferson. Regardless of the position of the audience, the answer of the rhetorical question remains static during the speech. Therefore, this appeals to the wits of the audience and it possesses a substantial con vincing power. Audiences mostly take the positions of the author or presenter due to the conveyance of the bias through the rhetorical strategies. In this case, authors and presenters have the liberty of capitalize on rhetorical strategies to convey a message to the audience. Rhetorical strategies have a basic role of persuading the audience. ... In this case, his speech starts with a rhetorical question. A rhetorical question is a strategy that has an immense contribution to the persuasive power of the speech. His speech has the title â€Å"What to the Slave is the 4th of July?† Definitely, this qualifies to be a rhetorical question. It does not require an immediate answer from the audience. It also spells the stand of the author or presenter vividly. Therefore, the answer for this question is already set. It spells a definite feeling within the slaves upon the existence of the 4th July date. Ideal expectations of the slaves are major consequences of this day’s existence (Douglass, 7). Frederick appeals to the cognitive reflections of his audience during his presentation of the speech. Ethos is an evident rhetorical strategy in this speech. This speech entails a substantial ethical appeal towards the audience. Through the ethical appeal, Frederick gains a convincing capacity to the audience of his speech. Socie ty has a high tendency to listen and adopt ideas from trustworthy icons. In this case, Frederick’s speech gains much persuasion to the audience due to the ethos technique. Pathos is a rhetorical technique that appeals to emotions of the audience. Frederick uses this rhetorical technique to facilitate his persuasive capacity to his audience. The title of the speech appeals to the emotions of the audience (Douglass, 4). All rhetorical questions also have a substantial emotional appeal, and therefore they facilitate the persuasiveness of the speech. Frederick appeals to the emotions of the audience through the exploration of historical experiences of America’s forefathers (Douglass, 7). By revealing their painful encounters, he convinces his audience to retain their historical glory. Logos

Notion of fiduciary trust and its breach Case Study

Notion of fiduciary trust and its breach - Case Study Example The bill of lading indicated that 3,000 tons of timber was received from Merchant LTD and the timber was received in good condition. In examining Wavy Line's responsibilities with regards to Merchant LTD it is prudent for Merchant LTD to know that the issuance of a bill of lading is accompanied by legal rights and responsibilities. Those rights and responsibilities as delineated by the Hague-Visby rules denote that under the "contract of carriage" the responsibilities and liabilities of Wavy Line include the premise that Wavy Line is obligated to exercise a superior degree of care in order to: In examining Article II of the Hague-Visby Rules, we can clearly see that there is a breach of the contract by Wavy Line in that Wavy Line was obligated to ensure that the ship is adequately staffed prior to embarking on the voyage. The fact that Wavy Line had to stop to pick up a relief master on the way indicates that the staffing responsibility was not met as necessitated by the Hague-Visby Rules. Article III Section 5 of the Hague-Visby Rules addresses remuneration under these circumstances. The rules indicate that the value of the goods must be explicitly stated on the bill of laden if the carrier is expected to be responsible for total remuneration to the property owner. If, however, the total value of the goods is not indicated in the bill of laden, then the carrier is only responsible for the value of 666.67 units of account per package and the total value of the goods are to be determined based on their value at the time they were contracted to be delivered (Article III, Se ction 5-Hague-Visby Rules, 1968). According to this, I would advise Merchant LTD that Wavy Line did in fact fail to uphold their obligation to deliver the timber at the specified time. This obligation was not mitigated by any justifiable circumstances such as acts of God but it was a direct result of Wavy Line's failure to exhibit due diligence. As such, Merchant LTD can receive some compensation for the loss but the compensation they are able to receive is less than the total demanded due to the fact that the value of the merchandise was not explicitly stated on the bill of laden. The case of Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] EWHC 3030 (Comm); [2006] can be utilized to substantiate the aforementioned analysis with regards to the party responsible for the loss, however, the amount of judgment based on Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] proves to be interesting. The facts of the case of Transfield Shipping Inc of Panama v. Mercator Shipping Inc of Monrovia, [2006] are such that in January of 2003, The Achilleas was time chartered to Transfield Shipping Inc. The charter was extended as delineated in a supplemental document at a new higher hire rate and the maximum duration of the agreement expired on 2 May 2004. Later, the owners entered

At Aetna, a C.E.O.s Management by Mantra Article

At Aetna, a C.E.O.s Management by Mantra - Article Example The significant HR function done very well in Aetna is employee motivation and encouragement. The article presents a relatively new approach that Aetna is using to motivate employees. Based on the interview, there have been changes noted since the employees started to take part in the Yoga classes. The success being experienced at Aetna starts with the company leadership and its view on employee motivation and management. Mr. Bertolini points out that the organization does not try to force employees to take part in things they do not want. The bottom line is that Aetna leadership does not endeavor to control employees. Instead, the management is working hard to encourage employees and make them feel part of the company. The approach taken by Aetna in managing its human capital is the reason the company has registered increase in output. The provision of Yoga classes and the pay increase for those earning minimum wage are clear indications that Mr. Bertolini views employees as human beings who have feelings and ambitions. During the interview, Aetna CEO, Mr. Bertolini keeps on repeating the importance of treating employees as human beings who have feelings (Gelles, 2015). He narrates how he was moved by an article on minimum wage that made him increase the salaries of the employees who were earning minimum wage. The transformational leadership approach taken by Mr. Bertolini has been the driving force of the changes being witnessed in Aetna. Mr. Bertolini has been able to inspire employees by showing them how it is done instead of just commanding. In the article, Mr. Bertolini discusses how he convinced the company doctor to create Yoga classes. He did not take a commanding approach. He found a way to convince the doctor by appealing to the doctor’s thirst for science. A critical review of Aetna’s success story shows that the form of the leadership used in the company has

Photograhy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photograhy - Research Paper Example All 200 images could be viewed through 8 pages of accessible links. As indicated in the brochure, â€Å"this major photographic exhibition is an ideal forum for photographers to exhibit and sell their work, reaching our very large community of art collectors, luxury consumers, corporate heads, civic leaders and very influential people who make up the Art of Photography Show audience† (About the Art of Photography Show 4). From the 200 images that where presented, one personally favored the two works shown above (â€Å"Sky High† by Kevin Cosma, and â€Å"Light reflecting off two mirrors† by Alexander Harding) due to their simplicity and uniqueness in capturing the images. As shown in â€Å"Sky High† the image could have been taken from a vantage point where the photographer could be situated in a lying position looking up. As such, the image of a young girl was actually shown in an inverse position, in broad daylight to capture the appropriate lighting technique. The background representing the cherry blossomed filled trees and the blue skies effectively complemented the image to portray the message intended. The other image shot by Harding was likewise simple and yet elegant. It uses the effectively interplay of dark and light elements through strategically positioning two mirrors in exact juxtaposition to capture the light rays. The background of dark and brown table top or flooring was likewise instrumental in putting emphasis on lighting. The photographer was located at the front of the images in slightly higher angle to capture the required lighting effect. In its simplicity, the beauty of the images could only be appreciated through learning the technqiues of effective and strategic positioning to capture the most appropriate angle needed. Overall, it is fortunate that the Art of Photography Show 2012 was accessible online to provide aspiring photographers and art enthusiasts in the area of photography to appreciate the best

How and Why Do Issey Miyake and Vivienne Westwood Display the Female Essay

How and Why Do Issey Miyake and Vivienne Westwood Display the Female Body Clothing - Essay Example The author of the essay "How and Why Do Issey Miyake and Vivienne Westwood Display the Female Body Clothing" makes a comparative analyzis of both designers views. Issey Miyake and Vivienne Westwood are reputed to be two of the most prominent female-clothing fashion designers in the modern world. Although they both celebrate the female form with a modern theme on an old world base, Issey Miyake and Vivienne Westwood each manage to blend their cultural and personal backgrounds to produce very different effects. In the end the author concludes that two designers are totally different in how they get things done, but there is no doubt in the minds of the fashion world about their talent and ability to portray the female body in unique and beautiful ways. They each grew up with different backgrounds, and both of them have developed a fresh modern wave of fashion in the art world. Although it is undeniable the two differ in style, you could say they share the same intent. They each are working to help expand the modern art styles in fashion and design by incorporating many new techniques, materials and breakthroughs in the fashion world, while still focusing on the idea of the feminine strength and old world values. Where Miyake has succeeded in introducing Asian art to the modern French movement by using traditional styles, Westwood has succeeded in gaining social acceptance for a rising group of the sexually active populace. Through the work of both designers, one can see how many cultures ar e beginning to mix.

Neocolonialism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Neocolonialism - Essay Example As a result, some guidance needs to be provided to the weaker nations in order for them to ultimately gain economic independence as well as political independence. One of the theories involving neocolonialsim is called the Dependency Theory. This theory discusses the relationship between less economically developed countries (LEDC's) and more economically developed countries (MEDC's). The theory maintains that the LEDC's are in the underdeveloped situation that they are in because they rely too heavily on the MEDC's. The LEDC's will remain LEDC's because any surplus production will be absorbed by the MEDC's multinational corporations leaving no profit for the LEDC's. Yet, the MEDC's are also dependent (Dependency Theory, 2003). Without the LEDC's, they would not be able to prosper to the level that they do economically. This neocolonialism is the source of multiple frustrations for several smaller nations. One example of this opposition comes from the Pacific Islands Association of Non-Government Organizations (PIANGO). They cite the United Nations Declaration of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples which declares that indigenous peoples (who are usually members of these LEDCs) have the "right to self-determination and political independence (Blaisdell, 1998). ... They are the continued victims of US economic dependence and exploitation which keeps these countries at Third World status (Blaisdell, 1998) Similar tensions surround Jamaica, Brazil and Southeast China, to name a few. Although the MEDC's pat themselves on the back for bringing industry and paying jobs to poverty-stricken areas, the damage to the country and to the people themselves has been compared to the physical cruelties of Cortez as he ravaged Mexico for gold in the 16th century. The difference is that this type of attack is not condemned like physical, military invasions by world nations and leaders. In fact, it is often allowed by the LEDC's government, ignored by journalists and kept from the broader public. (Ayres, 2004). Indeed, the companies do hire uneducated indigenous people to work these sometimes dangerous jobs; they cannot quit because they are dependent on the income. Some companies have even been accused of paying bribes to some village leaders to publicly support the industry in spite of possible problems with the health or environment as a result (Koenig, 2004). Koenig, in World Watch, details an example in Romania. Heap-leach gold mining is a modern form of mining which makes use of literally millions of gallons of cyanide poured onto piles of ore. The cyanide helps to extract the gold. In Romania, at an Australian-owned min, a dam broke and polluted the Tisza River with 22 million gallons of the toxic substance. It has been six years since what environmentalists are calling the worst catastrophe since Chernobyl, but this mining process is still on the rise (Koenig, 2004). Of course, many international researchers place the

Utopia And Leviathan Essay Example for Free

Utopia And Leviathan Essay Thomas Mores Utopia and Thomas Hobbes Leviathan each offer alternatives to the worlds in which they lived.. Mores society, viewed through the character Hythloday, is seemingly based on mans nature in society being generally good, and the faults of man emanate from how society itself is set up. Hobbes takes the opposite view of human nature, where mans will to survive makes him unable to act out of goodness and it is man who is responsible for societys ills. Both Leviathan and Utopia contain faults in logic that work to undermine the very possibility for these new social structures. In the following I will show how each of their views for a new society give insight into what their beliefs of human nature are, while showing some similarities between them. I will point to some of the faults found with both of their arguments that suggest an implicit and at times contradictory view of mankind. Mores Utopia is a response to the world in which he lived. The main character, Hythloday, condemns the class system and the use of money in England. Hythloday sees that the ills of modern society; those of greed, power and pride, must be overcome if man is to live peacefully with one another. In the following excerpt we see evidence of how Hythloday describes human nature in these terms and how Utopia has been able to do away with these three vices. Now isnt this an unjust and ungrateful commonwealth? It lavishes the rich rewards on so-called gentry, loan sharks, and the rest of the crew, who dont work at all or are mean parasites, purveyors of empty pleasures.  ¦ I see in (this) nothing but a conspiracy of the rich, who are fattening up their own interests under the name and title of the commonwealth.  ¦ How far they remain from the happiness of the Utopian Republic, which has abolished not only money but with it greed!  ¦ Everyone knows that if money were abolished  ¦ a whole set of crimes which are avenged but not prevented by the hangman would at once die out. If money disappeared so would fear, anxiety, worry, toil and sleepless nights. Even poverty  ¦ would vanish if money were entirely done away with. (p.521-523) Hythloday goes on to say that pride causes man to be greedy and seek power. For Hythloday Pride  measures her advantages not by what she has but by what other people lack. (p.522) In a world with social classes where one man is said to be of higher status than another man is by nature going to exploit one another and always be striving for more power. More imagines a society in which greed, power and pride no longer exists. By taking away the class system and the use of money he felt that all the ills of mankind would disappear. This view of human nature is that some men, those in power, are essentially evil and selfish. If a society could be built where no man was greater than another then all could live together in harmony and truly be a part of a commonwealth where no men are poor, no men are beggars, and though no man owns anything, everyone is rich. (p. 520) Mores Utopia offers an alternative to the aristocratic society in which he lived. More would have us do away with social classes and have man work together towards the common goal of peace and survival. An excerpt from Book II where Utopus the founder of Utopia is building a channel gives credence to this idea. He (Utopus) put not only the natives to work at this task, but his own soldiers too, so that the vanquished would not think the labor a disgrace. With the work divided among so many hands, the project was finished quickly, and the neighboring peoples, who at first had laughed at his folly, were struck with wonder and terror at his success. This passage is proof that man can work together and achieve greatness by doing so. It appears here that More has a high estimation of mans abilities. Utopia is based on the idea that all men are equal. No man owns anything and there is no private business. All men work for the good of the state. This communist society looks very egalitarian at first, but the strict rules in which the Utopians must abide by give way to another type of power structure where men are not necessarily equal to each other. Close inspection of these rules give insight into how More may have really viewed human nature. In the following excerpts we find evidence that More may have found man untrustworthy and in need of social control, or at the very least spiritual control. The vast majority of Utopians  ¦ believe in a single power, unknown, eternal, infinite, inexplicable, far beyond the grasp of the human mind, and diffused throughout the universe, not physically but in influence. Him they call father, and to him alone they attribute the origin, increase, progress, change, and end of all visible things; they do not offer divine honors to any other.  ¦ (Utopus) left the whole matter (choosing a religion) open, allowing each person to choose what he would believe. The only exception was a positive and strict law against anyone who would sink so far below the dignity of human nature as to think that the soul perishes with the body, or that the universe is ruled by blind chance, not divine providence.  ¦ Therefore a man who holds such views is offered no honors, entrusted with no offices, and given no public responsibility, he is universally regarded as a low and sordid fellow (pp.516-518 This excerpt shows the ambivalence that More has about human nature. He sees man as essentially good but whenever an individual has ideas of their own they are regarded as inferior. This creates another type of class system where man can judge himself against others and creates the pride that More is seemingly trying to get away from. This is but one example of many where the strict rules of Utopia work against Mores main argument that man can work together in harmony. Mans goodness is accepted as fact only insofar as it works to serve the whole of the community. For those who do not abide by the strict laws, they are punished through slavery or banishment. More walks a thin line between viewing mans nature as essentially good and seeing man as selfish and in need of control. Utopias foundations of equality are contradicted by the strict laws they have as well as by the political system where heads of tribes are elected for life. This ambiguity of Mores view is furthered when More appears as a character in Utopia and alludes to his own opinion of Utopia.  ¦ my chief objection was to the basis of their whole system, that is , their communal living and their moneyless economy. This one thing alone utterly subverts all the nobility, magnificence, splendor, and majesty which  (in the popular view) are the true ornaments and glory if any commonwealth.  ¦ yet I freely confess that in the Utopian commonwealth there are many features that in our own societies I would wish rather than expect to see. (p.523) This excerpt shows that More is obviously protecting himself from any reproach by the Aristocracy. Also found in this however, is Mores inability to believe such a society could ever exists. He wishes but does not expect to see these features of Utopia coming to his society. I believe underlying this hesitation is Mores doubt that human nature is capable of working together in harmony. The fact that Utopia is presented in a fantasy-like land where men are the mothers to chicks and gold is used to make bedpans gives further evidence that More himself does not believe such a society could ever exist Hobbes offers a scientific argument for the nature of man. He believes his inquiry into what motivates man is proof for his vision of society. Hobbes concludes that man is at war with one another because everyone is fighting for survival. He tells us the only way for man to work together is out of fear. To supply this fear mankind needs an almighty ruler who can control mans impulses to hurt one another. In the following we see how Hobbes comes to his conclusions about mans seemingly inherent evil. Nature hath made men so equal in faculties of body and mind as that, though there be found one man sometimes manifestly stronger in body or of quicker mind than another, yet when all is reckoned together, the difference between man and man is not so considerable as that one man can thereupon claim to himself any benefit, to which another may not pretend as well as he ¦. For such is the nature of men, that howsoever they may acknowledge many others to be more witty, or more eloquent, or more learned. Yet they will hardly believe there be many so wise as themselves; for they see their own wit at hand, and other mens at a distance. From this equality of ability ariseth equality of hope in attaining of our ends. And therefore if any two men desire the same thing, which nevertheless they cant both enjoy, they become enemies, and in the way to their end (which is principally their own conservation, and sometimes, their delectation only) endeavor to destroy or subdue one another. (p. 1590) This passage takes us through Hobbes thinking about mankind. He tells us that all men are essentially equal but  each individual believes himself to be of greater importance than one another. An individuals need for self preservation makes him fight with others for survival and in some cases personal pleasure. Mankinds nature and need to survive cause him to thirst for power. Hobbes hope was for mankind to live together in peace at any cost. Hobbes furthers his argument for a new society in the following excerpt. In such condition (constant war) there is no place for industry, for the fruit thereof is uncertain, and cosequently no culture of the earth; no navigation. Not ise of the commodities that may be imported by sea; no commodious building; no instruments of moving, and removing, such things that require much force; no knowledge of the face of the earth; no account of time; no arts; no letters; no society; and, which is worst of all, continual fear. And danger of violent death; and the life of man, solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.(Pp. 1589-1590) This viewpoint for man offers little hope the communal living we have seen in Mores Utopia. Hobbes use of political science allows little room for the imagination and conjecture used by More. Hobbes argument is founded on generalizations of mankinds behavior, no doubt arrived at due to the time (civil war) in which he lived. Hobbes view of mankind is greater in pessimism than More in that he offers one definition for human nature, and for his argument to hold true this definition (that man is essentially selfish and willing to do anything to survive) is absolute, there is no room for the ambivalence and ambiguity found in Mores view. The solution for Hobbes is that mankind need to live in awe or fear of someone greater than himself. Without something to restrain man he would go on murdering and be forever in search of more power. In order to protect and defend life, man must come together under an almighty ruler who mankind gives sovereignty to. The similarity between Utopia and Leviathan are found in this giving up of individual power for the good of the many. For More, man would give up pride, greed and power by living for the good of the whole. Hobbes takes a more animalistic view of man where the only way to work together requires living in fear of punishment by a greater power. Both seek a commonwealth and both have a higher power to which man must answer. Mores higher power is the strict system of rules the Utopians live by, and a given that most men believe in a divinity who lends further control to their actions. Hobbes does not believe that man is capable of abiding by a spiritual power and needs an actual person to control the power of mankind. Each of their accounts are limited by their approach to their arguments. Mores need to please the aristocracy weakens his idea that man can work together. Hobbes use of a scientific argument uses generalizations of mans nature as proofs for his foundation, these generalizations being too pessimistic to be taken at his word. In the end both Hobbes and More offer little in the way of hope for mankind as individuals. Human nature seems to be inherently evil and in need of something or someone to control it. Both agree that man must give up what makes each of us different in order to live in harmony. Reference Abrams, M.H. (Ed.). (2000). The Norton Anthology of English Literature, The sixteenth and Early Seventeenth Century. (7th ed.). New York: W.W.Norton Company Hobbes, Thomas (1651). Leviathan. London: Penguin Books

Euthanasia From An Islamic Perspective

Euthanasia From An Islamic Perspective In our position paper, EUTHANASIA from an Islamic perspective, we are very clear that Active Euthanasia (giving lethal injection to end life, as an example) is not just absolutely prohibited; rather it is condemned in Islam. However declining treatment is allowed in Islam. Withdrawal of treatment is considered as passive euthanasia by some Muslim scholars, no matter how futile the treatment. In order to understand this contemporary issue of Bioethics, we need to trace the entire problem, bringing to light various issues which have stirred the entire medical community, religious and moral institutions, to deliberate on this matter. Modern medicine has been enormously successful in saving and extending lives1. No one can disagree with it, but it has raised certain issues, namely, how to treat those who are alive, but not living lives they think worthwhile, and have no prospects for anything better. It has been argued that there is a strong prima facie case for allowing persons who are facing intractable pain or indignities in the final stages of their lives to determine for themselves when life is no longer worth living, and, where necessary, receive assistance in ending their lives. This prima facie case is constructed from the principles of liberty, autonomy and equality; from the value of preventing unnecessary suffering and preserving the dignity of the individual2. Active euthanasia is not legal. PAS is legal in the Netherlands, Belgium, and Switzerland. In the United States, Oregon legalized PAS in 1997, and the practice was legalized in Washington State in March of 2009. 3 The arguments against the ending of life include: the sanctity of life and the moral wrongness of killing; the possibility of an incorrect diagnosis or a miracle cure; the alleged inability to know that voluntary informed consent has been obtained; the slippery slope argument; and the ability of modern medicine to control pain. Etymology: Gk, eu, good; thanatos, death 1. The act or practice of ending the life of an individual suffering from a terminal illness or an incurable condition, as by lethal injection or the suspension of extraordinary medical treatment. 2. A quiet, painless death4. Euthanasia5: It refers to the practice of ending a life in a manner which relieves pain and suffering. It is a deliberate intervention undertaken with the express intention of ending a life, to relieve intractable suffering. It may be called intentional mercy killing. Voluntary Euthanasia: The physician intentionally ends the patients life at the patients request and with the patients full informed consent. Non-voluntary Euthanasia: Euthanasia conducted where the consent of the patient is unavailable Involuntary Euthanasia: Euthanasia conducted against the will of the patient. Passive euthanasia or Euthanasia by Omission: It entails intentionally causing death by not providing necessary usual and customary care by withholding supportive treatments, such as antibiotics, nutrition and respirators necessary for the continuance of life Active euthanasia or Euthanasia by Commission: The term euthanasia without a qualifying phrase means voluntary active euthanasia or intentionally causing a persons death by performing an action such as by giving a lethal injection. Physician Assisted Suicide (PAS) 6: The physician provides an individual with the information, prescription, guidance, and means to take his or her own life with the intention that they will be used for this purpose. Arguments for Euthanasia in cotemporary Bioethics7 Euthanasia and PAS may be considered no different from terminating life-sustaining treatments, which is recognized as ethically justified. In both cases, the patient consents to die, in both cases the physician intends to end the patients life and takes some action to cause this to happen; the final result is the patients death. If there is no difference in patient consent, physician intention, or the final result, there can be no difference in the ethical justification. To respect autonomy requires permitting individuals to decide when it is better to end their lives by euthanasia or PAS. Ending a painful life will actually relieve more suffering and thereby produce more good. Arguments against permitting euthanasia and/or PAS in cotemporary Bioethics 8 The exercise of autonomy cannot include the ending of ones life because that would mean ending the possibility of exercising autonomy. The principle of beneficence does not necessarily mean that euthanasia and/or PAS are acceptable as a means of improving well being. The quality care for the dying is not provided to many patients, leading to needless pain and suffering. There is a reasonable distinction between intentionally ending a life and terminating life-sustaining treatments. The actual acts are different injecting a life ending medication or providing a prescription for one is not the same as removing or refraining from introducing an invasive uncomfortable medical intervention. By terminating or withholding life-sustaining treatments, the physicians intention is not to expressly end the patients life but to remove or avoid invasive treatments that adversely impact quality of life and offer no meaningful chance of benefit. By allowing euthanasia we will open a door and euthan asia would not only be for people who are terminally ill. People who are very old and its difficult to look after them, invalid, disable children all will be given up for euthanasia which will cause moral injustice in the society at large. People to get property of an old or ill relative will subject them to euthanasia. Spouses to get rid of their ill partners and to avoid stress of looking after them will give them for euthanasia as a way out of their circumstances Islamic view against Euthanasia in the light of Shariah QURAN Life is an Amanah of God as in Quran it is said To Allah (Almighty God) we belong, and to Him is our return. (Quran 2:156).One thing that we must remember is that death is inevitable 9, and everything except the Almighty God of course, will perish. Signs of death can be seen all around us. At funerals we see people who were once walking among us being buried in their graves. In the fall we see the leaves turn from green to yellow and fall one at a time, and in the winter we see trees, lifeless. In this way, all things in this world will wither away and die. However, we as humans have no right to take another humans life as it is God who decides for the life and death; and a human being 10 is a very respectable creature of God. Allah (S.W.T.) says in Surat Al-Isra, (Verse 70), what can be translated as, We have honored the children of Adam and carried them on earth and in the sea and provided to them the good sustenance. And We made them better than many of what we created. Then Allah (S.W.T) clarified that He (S.W.T.) made the whole universe in the service of man. He says in Surat Lu-Qman, (Verse 20), what can be translated as, Do you not see that Allah made available for you what is in the skies and on earth and flooded you with many blessings known and unknown. So it is evident that Human being is the best creature of God so how come one take his/ her life as in Quran it is said and (Allah) is the one who gave you life, then shall He ordain you to die, then shall He give you your life again, truly mankind is ungrateful (Chapter 22, verse 66) .The sanctity of human life is a basic concept in Islam] moreover , it is said .take not life which Allah has made sacred (Chapter 6, verse 151) furthermore , it is also mentioned Do not kill yourselves, for verily Allah has been to you most merciful (Chapter 4, verse 29) . Now the point comes, if God has made the life of Human, sacred how Islam can permit mercy killing 11. In addition to that Islam has always emphasized on natural death (according to Gods plan and not according to a doctors, judges or the familys plan or decision) in the patients best interests and is the most dignified death for a Muslim believer. Now if we look into the issue of mercy killing in Islamic perspective, it is quite evident that God has not permitted us to take any bodys life. In fact Allah has guided us on treatment. Illnesses and infirmities in life are facts of life that must be met with patience. Such adversities ought to be regarded as challenges to be faced with fortitude 12. And afflicted person should regard his suffering as a test from Allah and should exercise patience (Al Saber) Allah states He test the believers with calamities Al-Quran 2.153. Sunnah Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) said: Whoever kills himself with an iron instrument will be carrying it forever in hell. Whoever takes poison and kills himself will forever keep sipping that poison in hell. Whoever jumps off a mountain and kills himself will forever keep falling down in the depths of hell. (Sahih Bukhari) The Prophet (PBUH) said:I find it strange on the part of a man of faith that he should grieve at his ailment; if he knew what goodness is in his illness, he would love to be ill until he meets his Lord. (Sahih Bukhari) The Prophet (PBUH) said: Amongst the nations before you there was a man who got a wound and growing impatient (with its pain), he took a knife and cut his hand with it and the blood did not stop till he died. Allah said, My Slave hurried to bring death upon himself so I have forbidden him (to enter) Paradise. Sahih Bukhari 4.56.669 The Prophet (PBUH) is reported to have said: Allah (S.W.T) descends diseases and for each ailment He facilitates cures, therefore you should seek treatment 13, but never seek cure from a malignant and harmful substance like poison. 14 Qiyas 15 The extension of Hukm or legal ruling of an established case to a new case by analogy, when the effective cause is the same in both is Qiyas. We opt for it in biomedical issues. In case of unintentional killing, the relatives of deceased can opt for Qisas, diyah or can forego their right. The consent given by relatives to stop a drug or life support in case of brain dead person. Qiyas is invalid, since the right to pardon presupposes the death of the deceased. Juristic preference Istihsan, according to Hanafi School. Such consent is valid because the effective cause of death was present at that time. There is rejection of this view by Hanbalis and Shafie. Islamic Code of Medical Ethics Issued by the first international conference on Islamic Medicineà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦it states, A doctor is well advised to realize his limit and not transgress it. If it is scientifically certain that life cannot be restored, then it is futile to keep a patient in a vegetative state by heroic means or on artificial methods. It is the process of life that the doctor aims to maintain and not the process of dying. In any case, he should not take a positive measure to take a patients life. Handling Requests for Euthanasia Doctors must listen to the persons request and affirm that they understand that a great deal of suffering underlies the request. Being heard and affirmed can remedy some of the major sources of psychosocial suffering that tend to accompany such requests. In addition doctors need to conduct a comprehensive assessment to understand the nature and sources of the entire patients physical, psychological, spiritual and social suffering. Physicians should determine what social relationships and supports the patient has, and encourage interactions with family and others. Most pain and other physical causes of suffering can be reduced to acceptable levels. Much of the depression, anxiety and other psychological suffering can be minimized. Spiritual suffering can be addressed, as can social issues. With skilled use of palliative care, most experts find that a great majority of cases are resolved and the request goes away. Decisions about life and death matters should never be made in isolation . Determining death Given the need to recite a confession before death, Islam stresses the importance of retaining consciousness until this has been accomplished. The Quran is unclear about whether the body dies when the soul is removed by the Angel of Death, since it does not favor the Greek-inspired mind-body dualism of the persons makeup. Rather, death is most analogous to sleep; indeed, Rahman contends that sleep is a sort of lesser death. The Muslim view is, that the life principle resides in Gods hands and the absence of it cannot be established just through a lack of brain-wave activity. From a religious point of view, mechanical intervention at the time of death is of limited value, since death is considered a moment of destiny involving supernatural forces. However, in 1986, the International Collective of Islamic Jurists of the Organization of Islamic Conference rendered an opinion in Amman, Jordan, saying that an individual would be considered dead in either of the following situations: 1. If the heart and breath stop completely, and the physicians are convinced that this condition is irreversible: 2. If all the mental functions of the mind have ceased, and the physicians decide such a condition is irreversible. In either of these scenarios, it is legitimate to disengage all machines, even if some parts of the body are still functioning with their assistance. It is also legitimate to stop all medical intervention. While these guidelines carefully define death, they have also validated decisions to maintain people who are brain dead on life support systems, since such sustenance allows the physician to keep the person alive until body parts can be harvested. The justification for this modification of the bodys integrity is the greater good of the community. Saudi Arabia has become a leader in this field in the Muslim world. The general thrust of Muslim belief is that the community must sustain an individual until it is obvious that the believer must face God. Prolonging that moment will serve no religious purpose. Intravenous feeding for the sole purpose of sustaining the mechanical functions of the body runs counter to Islamic notions of death. Ultimately Muslims believe medicine cannot change the destiny of the human, and attempts to bypass the inevitable may be interpreted as an obvious lack of trust in God. Killing and its Liability: In Quran its been said: On that account We ordained for the children of Israel that if anyone slay a person -unless it be for murder or spreading mischief in the land- it would be as if he slew the whole people. And if anyone saved a life, it would be as if he saved the life of the whole people (Quran 5:32). Saving of one person life is next to saving a whole human race in terms of greatness of its reward. (Al Quran) To violate it is a serious crime therefore, to kill someone deliberately because he is suffering from an unbearable painful illness or injury or because he is too old and has lost all usefulness and praise for living or his illness is incurable comes under culpable homicide and punishable by Qisas (Quran Ayah 2.178)[15] Intentional Killing of someone with incurable disease unbearable pain: Not Allowed in Islam. Un-intentional Killing: In case of a Murdered victim: Heirs of a murdered victim can forgive a victim after the victim has died. Heirs cannot allow killing or remove life saving support before victims death. In Islam anything done by doctor to cause heart, lung or brain death is considered to be Euthanasia which is not permissible in Islam. If a doctor or a surrogate decision maker does euthanasia then he has to pay compensation (Al-DIYAH) to the relatives. He would be deprived of any benefit from inheritance or any reward from the victim in his favor He has to pay AL-Kaffarah as well. This depends on type of euthanasia and intention behind it. Conclusion: The Quran is forthright about death as a major passage to another life. In Islam, it is not quite true to say that death is the cessation of life, but rather, that the life one receives at birth is preparatory for the life after death. Islam is against euthanasia. Human life is sacred because it is given by Allah, and that Allah chooses how long each person will live. Human beings should not interfere in this. Euthanasia and suicide are not included among the reasons allowed for killing in Islam.16 Islam strongly condemns ending of human life on grounds of mercy and human sympathy. Life is a great gift from Allah and is to be cherished and protected at all times. Muslim doctors, nurses and patients should have this basic positive attitude towards human life. They are considered to be life savers and not killers. Islam strongly urges the afflicted person to exercise patience, and strongly exhorts his relatives and community to help relieve his sufferings. Active euthanasia is islamically forbidden for it encompasses a positive role on the part of the physician to end the life of the patient and hasten his death. This is an act of killing, and, killing is a major sin and thus forbidden in Islam, the religion of pure mercy. As for the declining of medical treatment which is, from a medical perspective, thought to be useless, this is permissible and sometimes it is even recommended. Passive euthanasia, which is withdrawal of treatment, remains controversial, requires expiation, even though pardoned by the relatives.12 Only ALLAH has the attributes of AR-REHMAN and AR RAHIM. He is the most Gracious and the most Merciful more than any human being can ever be so we all should pray to ALLAH in difficult situations instead of thinking ourselves to be more merciful by allowing euthanasia for ourselves or for others.

Carbon Dioxide Emissions at Mammoth Mountain, California :: Nature Volcano Essays

Carbon Dioxide Emissions at Mammoth Mountain, California According to Dr. David P. Hill and Dr. Roy R. Bailey of the United States Geological Survey, the most common geological question in Mammoth, California is Where is the volcano? Although Mammoth Mountain does not resemble the classically recognized cone-shaped volcano, the mountain experienced significant volcanic and seismic activity in the past two decades, which have brought the mountain the recognition as a potentially hazardous volcano. A massive volcanic explosion 760,000 years ago created the Long Valley Caldera in California. A build up of magma beneath the earth's surface caused an uplift of the crust which led to the explosion. Afterwards, the crust sank over a mile, into a depression measuring 10 miles wide and 20 miles long. A magma chamber still exists beneath the caldera. The fumaroles and hot springs confirm the presence of a magma body. The underground magma heats groundwater which rises to the surface and releases in hot springs or steam vents (Hill et al. 2000). Recent uplifting caused the Resurgent Dome in the middle of the caldera to rise 2.5 feet over the past two decades. This volcanic unrest, on a previous stable volcanic system, prompted the USGS to put in place an Emergency Response plan and to closely monitor the region for further signs of unrest (Hill et al. 2000). The Mono-Inyo Crater volcanic chain lines the southwest side of the Long Valley Caldera. Mammoth Mountain, a volcano within the Mono-Inyo chain, formed 50,000 years ago from multiple dacite eruptions (Sorey et al. 1999) Dacite magma is an intermediate between rhyolite and andesite (Kearey 2001). Over the last 5,000 years, eruptions in the Mono-Inyo volcanic chain occurred periodically every 250-700 years. The active volcanic chain is being closely monitored for signs of future eruptions which include earthquakes, uplift of magma and gas emissions (Hill et al. 1998). Starting in the 1980's numerous earthquake swarms took place throughout the Long Valley Caldera concentrated in the southern section of the caldera. In May of 1989, seismic activity started in Mammoth Mountain, a volcano on the southwest edge of the Long Valley Caldera, with a period of earthquake swarms. Scientists collected data indicating that a dike was rising beneath the mountain and intruded 2 km below the surface of Mammoth Mountain (Sorey et al.

A Wall In-Between Essay -- Literary Analysis

On August 13, 1961, the German Democratic Republic (GDR) constructed the Berlin Wall to prevent its citizen from leaving the country (Frederick Taylor, US News.com). For twenty-eight years, the Berlin Wall completely detached West Berlin, isolating its population from the remaining human race. Margaret Atwood represents this real experience in the novel The Handmaid’s Tale. Instead of dividing a large population, Atwood conveys the Harvard University perimeter wall as a divider between oneself and the people around them. Through this, Margaret Atwood’s novel The Handmaids Tale demonstrates how the author uses physiological object of the wall to reveal the barriers between the characters, physically and emotionally. Atwood’s description of the Harvard Wall presents a setting that is intimidating, daunting, and rigidly regulated. We can identify with the fearsome image Atwood describes because we can all picture a common jail cell. The cold brick walls â€Å"and barbed wire along the bottom†¦ they are ugly† (31). The walls themselves create and image of fear within the human mind however, it is what is in or on these walls that frightens the mind the most. In prisons we commonly think of the punishment is a hidden form of isolation, humiliation and/or torture, for the misbehaved. The Harvard wall publicly displays these methods of punishment through the form of lynching. This is a method used by Atwood to convey the significance of the wall and the use of fear produced by the Gilead society to create a barrier. â€Å"But on one bag there's blood, which has seeped through the white cloth. . . This smile of blood is what fixes the attention finally† (32). As Atwood clear ly states, the men who are hanging on the wall are meant to frighten peop... ...hysical object of the wall and the clothing connect to the emotional separation of the multiple characters by the fear and barriers set by the Gilead government. The fear and barriers come from the Harvard wall an image depicted by Margaret Atwood in The Handmaid’s Tale. The Novel additionally utilizes the image of the wall to show the physical and emotional boundaries it creates within its characters. Borders are created throughout the novel, through clothing, through fear and through people. Works Cited Atwood, Margaret. The Handmaid's Tale. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. Print. Collins English Dictionary. London: Collins, 2009. Print. Taylor, Frederick. "The Rise and Fall of the Berlin Wall." US News. U.S.News & World Report, 13 Nov. 2008. Web. 02 Apr. 2012.

Comparison of Book and Movie of One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

Comparison of Book and Movie of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest is a book written by Ken Kesey to accomplish a certain mood within it's chapters.   The feelings and moods given in the book differ greatly from those in the movie because of multiple changes in character development.   Each and every time a movie is produced from a book, the producers are forced to change parts of the story in order to suit the audiences needs for a faster paced plot.   It is impossible to capture every mood or setting which the author creates.   What is lost can sometimes be the real meaning behind the story.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The characterization of chief Bromden is a good example of the changes made from book to movie.   His past is a vital piece of information contributing to the mood and understanding of the story.   In the movie, Bromden is nothing more than a crazy Indian who doesn't want to talk so pretends to be deaf and dumb.   Much of the understanding and respect is lost in the transition between book and movie.   In the book, Bromden has flashbacks to his childhood, lighting on significant points in his childhood.   His background is never even brushed upon in the movie.   Of course it would have been nearly impossible to tell of Bromdens life in a movie, much less show the world from his point of view as in the book. Bromden is still a very interesting character but the real puzzle to his problems is lost.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   McMurphy is a very sly, cunning man.   He knows how to play his game and does it well.   In the book as McMurphy progresses, he goes through many stages where he is rebellious, then docile, then rebellious again.   This is due to the fact that he learns exactly what it means to be committed and what it takes to be released.   Then he begins to see that all his ward mates (I don't know what you want to call them) are counting on him so he becomes rebellious again.   These reactions to his environments encourage McMurphy to be not crazy but intelligent and quick.   This is exactly the way a character such as McMurphy should act.

Important Leaders in French and Indian War Essay

* George Washington – led colonists during the war. He was a colonel. Made a name for him and the experience of this war helped in the American Revolution. Both civil and military because he led a group of Militia. * General Edward Braddock – He led a group of two thousand men to capture Fort Duquesne. His group was ambushed and he died in the battle. * Earl of Loundoun – He was appointed commander and chief in 1756 of the British forces and caused failures for the British. * William Pitt – He took leadership of the British ministry in 1756. His aggressive new policies for the war were a major part in turning the favor of the war towards the British in the later half of the war. Important civilian leader. Known as the â€Å"Great Commoner†. He drew much of his strength from the common people. * Captain Robin Rogers – He led the Rangers (a group of New Hampshire men) and operated as spies and used guerrilla warfare against the French successfully through the war. * James Wolfe – important general who led the British to an important victory at the Battle of Quebec. * Jeffry Amherst – He is best known as one of the victors of the French and Indian War, when he conquered Louisbourg, Quebec City and Montreal. He was also the first British Governor General in the territories that became Canada. Many places and streets are named after him, in Canada and the United States. * James Abercrombie – British General and commander and chief. He is most known for the terrible British defeats in the 1758 Battle of Carillon. * Edward Boscawen – He was second in command for the siege of Louisburg and led a fleet and won in the Battle of Lagos. Important French military leaders and civilians/heroes * Louis-Joseph de Montcalm – He took over as commander and chief of the French forces in North America. He was a great feared leader who died at the Battler of Quebec. * Francois-Marie de Lignery – Colonial military leader in the French province of Canada. HE was active in the defense of New France in the French and Indian War. * Marquis de Vaudreuil – In 1755, he became the governor of Canada, replacing the Marquis Duquesne. * Fort George/Fort Duquesne/Fort Pitt – This centrally located fort in what is now Pittsburgh, PA changed hands many times during the war. It was the site of England’s first disastrous battle, in which Braddock lost his life. * Fort Necessity – This hastily constructed fort in Great Meadows, PA was the site of George Washington’s first defeat in 1754. Later in American history, it oddly came to symbolize the rugged spirit of the colonials. * Fort William Henry – Site of the most notorious massacre in colonial history, this fort located near the Hudson River fell to the French in 1757. * Louisbourg – An important city on the east coast of Canada (in present-day Nova Scotia). It was a French stronghold of arms and supplies. * Ticonderoga – A major French fort and city north of Albany. The British failed repeatedly to seize it; they finally succeeded in 1759.

A Vacation to Dubai Essay

It was June 2, 2015 and Mrs. Smith was planning her trip to Dubai. She was so excited because she has never been there to that side of the world before. But she also has to get work because it is also a business trip as well. The next day she gets to the airport and checks out all of her belongings and is waiting for the plane to depart. They call first class and she is the first one in line. She is seated and is anxious because she can’t wait to see what amazing things they have. She sees these strange men walk by her but pay no mind to her staring. She forgets about them and puts her ear buds in and begins fall asleep. A couple hours pass and she wakes up and sees that there aren’t many people on the plane as she seen before the plane departed. There is only about roughly about seventeen of the on there and she searches around for the strange men but there are nowhere to be found. She gets up to ask the pilots if they know what happened because she dozed and the moment she went to open the door there was a man there with a gun and demanded her to go back to her seat and Mrs. Smith refused. The plane landed and everyone was forced off and taken to a shack. They were locked in there for a couple of hours but then they noticed that there was a back door to the shack and tried to sneak away. They were so close but the hijackers knew there plan all along. The tried a different way and finally the succeeded and all of the got back to the United States safely.

Judaism and Collaboration Assessment Guide

Collaboration Assessment Guide Please complete this guide and submit it with your evidence to the collaboration assessment. Part One: Team Evaluation Rate your team according to each of the performance criteria below. Consider the work of all members, including you. Use the comment area to explain your rating. 3=Always Rating for You: 2=Usually 1 -?Sometimes 0=Never Criteria: Rating for the Team: Comments: Listened to others 3 They listened to what everyone had to say Showed respect for others' opinionsEven if one of us did not like an opinion, we still respected it Completed assigned duties We all completed the assigned parts Participated in discussions We had great discussions Attended meetings on time We were all on time Stayed on task We didn't get off task Completed high-quality work 2 I did research Completed work on time We completed it on the date we agreed on Part Two: Reflection Respond to the following questions with two to three sentences each. What collaboration task did your group complete? The collaboration task that my group completed was the â€Å"stolen girls† and the Jews in concentration camps.They have a few similarities such as, racism and they are both being prejudice. Describe your specific contribution to the group's final product. The specific contribution to our final product was comparing the stolen girl and Jews in concentration camps. We finished it within a reasonable amount of time. What did you enjoy most about working with others on this lesson/task? Explain. What I enjoyed most about working with others on this task was the team work we put into the project. Also, how we all got along and it all worked out smoothly. How did your team deal with conflict?Explain. We did not have any conflicts while we worked on our project. We had a god time working together. Do you feel others were happy with your participation in the lesson/task? Explain. I do indeed feel like others were happy with my participation on the project. In m y opinion, I did all I had to do to be a great worker. What will you do differently, if anything, in your next online collaboration opportunity?

Explore how chapter 56 in ‘Pride and Prejudice’ fits into the overall scheme of the text Essay

What social comments do you think Jane Austen is making in this chapter? Pride and Prejudice was written by Jane Austen in 1813. The novel describes and exaggerates the life in which in Austen lived. The title Pride and Prejudice refers to the ways in which Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy first view each other. The story involves the lives of many different classes and how they interact with each other; it is also informing us of the way certain types of people were treated in those days. Near the end of the novel, Lady Catherine de Burgh comes to visit Elizabeth to try and persuade her not to marry Darcy. I will explore this chapter to find out what social comments Austen tries to make throughout the novel about the world she lived in. Chapter 56 is a summary of the whole novel. Lady Catherine has come to see Elizabeth to make her withdraw her acceptance of marriage to her nephew, Mr. Darcy. Lizzy is shocked by these accusations, as she has heard nothing of the sort, so wonders where Lady Catherine heard the rumours. She is the type of person who thinks that everybody’s business is her own because she is of the higher class. It has been planned since Darcy and Lady Catherine’s daughter were born that they were to be wed and now she hears of Darcy proposing to another lady has outraged her. That is why she has come to visit Elizabeth to stop her marrying Darcy. From the moment lady Catherine arrived she was very rude and not welcoming. She says things such as, ‘you have a very small park here,’ and ‘this must be a most inconvenient sitting room.’ As soon as she entered the Bennet’s home she made no effort on being civil or polite to their family. If Elizabeth were to behave in this manner when she was at Rosing’s it wouldn’t have been tolerated in the slightest. The only reason Lady Catherine gets away with it is because she is a lady and very rich and of the higher class. Anyone who was below her would put up with her behaviour because it was not his or her place in those days to accuse her of being impolite. Jane Austen grew up in this world where the rich people were almost the celebrities of the day. In our world famous people have the money, the expensive cars and clothes and a celebrity status, where the public would stop and look at them and always aspire to be like them. In Austen’s time it was very much the same but the lower classes and even middle were always looking up to the higher classes and admiring them. This is why people with the money could be as rude and stuck up to people as they wanted because in the end they were the ones with the power and the money to do what they wanted. Lady Catherine’s reason for visiting Elizabeth was not what the family had thought. Elizabeth expected a letter from Charlotte yet no letter was given. Instead Lady Catherine remarked upon a, ‘prettyish kind of a little wilderness on one side of your lawn.’ Again she is not really being as polite as she could have been about the garden. From this point Elizabeth realised that she wanted to be alone. She had realised that Catherine was again being very rude and stuck up and so made no effort to talk to her. Lady Catherine begins with, ‘ your own heart, your own conscience, must tell you why I come.’ Elizabeth doesn’t have any idea what she is talking about. Lady Catherine talks about her conscience, which is showing that Lizzy is to feel guilty about whatever she has been accused of. She tells Lizzy that rumours have reached her that her and Mr. Darcy were to be engaged and says ‘though I know it must be a scandalous falsehood,’ Lady Catherine cannot comprehend this idea, to think that a middle class person such as Miss Bennet, who has no real connections, would even consider accepting an offer of this sort. Lady Catherine does not hold back on her true feelings about the subject and as Elizabeth has been brought up in the proper manner she has to respect her. Elizabeth soon becomes tired of her picking at everything that is wrong with her and her family and is not rude but stands up for herself. She asks Lady Catherine if the only reason they should not wed is because she wants him to marry her daughter, then what is there to stop her? She replies with ‘ honour, decorum, prudence, nay, interest, forbid it.’ This is the long list that she has against Lizzy. The social points she is trying to make is that in those days if a family were to have such a disgrace as Lydia’s elopement then no man should be interested in them, rich men such as Bingley and Darcy should marry same class or higher and that there were some very snooty people who would disagree with the association of certain families! They don’t have a lot of land so are not as wealthy and high class.families like this always tried to marry higher up. Need to put in that Bennett’s don’t have a lot of land or money so lady Catherine looks down. Not too sure how to say this fits in with the rest of the book or how the chapter does? Bit stuck but will be done properly when handed in; in neat it’s a promise

Mass media's influence on presidental elections Research Paper

Mass media's influence on presidental elections - Research Paper Example During the first debate Nixon was not well prepared and had little make up while his rival Kennedy was well dressed and prepared for the interview. During the debate there were huge signs of nervousness and panic on Nixon’s face which led the people to believe that Nixon was not ready to lead the nation while people who were listening to the match on the radio believed that Nixon had won, as they could not see the face of any of the candidates. This was the first time that TV was used as a political tool by political candidates. Media has had tremendous effect on presidential elections but their way of influencing is not without controversy. Media will sometimes provide stories dealing with the personal lives of presidential candidates which is very harmful to the candidate and not useful even to the undecided voter. Influencing these undecided voters has a huge impact on American politics. America basically has two big news channels that are very important to the American pub lic; one is Fox news and the other is CNN. Both the channels have huge impact regarding the painting of the picture of the presidential candidate. Regarding the impact of Fox news on American public, Stefano Della Vigna and Ethan Kaplan have conducted a study on the ultraconservative Rupert Murdoch’s channel. Fox was launched in 1996 and by 2000 it was available in more than 20% of American households. They conducted a study in which they compared the change in republican vote bank between 1996 and 2000, and they came to the conclusion that Fox news had increased the vote bank of Republican Party in the areas which received Fox news by 0.5% or 200,000 votes; this number was enough to change the result of 2000 presidential elections. Fox news is also known for its right wing and Christian agenda which appealed to the most of the voters who had access to it. (Does Fox News Change Votes?) On the other hand, CNN is a relatively liberal news channel with agenda that is mostly neit her left wing nor right wing but more to the center in the political arena although it has been claimed that it has favored Democratic Party most of the times. During the elections of 2008, in which Barack Obama became victorious, it was clear that CNN favored a democratic candidate while Fox preferred Republican, and most important of them, all Fox was not biased against Sarah Palin, the governor of Alaska who was the running mate of John McCain, while CNN did everything in its power to portray Sarah Palin in a way that can only be described as negative because of her affiliation with causes that can be classified as far-right. Talk Show hosts who are normally seen as a form entertainment by the Americans also influenced voters to an unimaginable degree. A prime example of this was Barack Obama’s fundraiser hosted by Oprah Winfrey which gathered a total of $3 million for the future president. (Ingraham 71) Between 1996 and 2000, before the election during which Clinton was f acing the Lewinsky Trial, any news meant bad news for Clinton and the Democrats and their prospects of winning the election of 2000 which they lost, (Alterman 186). After 2005 any

The Illnesses of the Government Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Illnesses of the Government Policy - Essay Example Social work has a significant role in helping these ex-convicts achieve greater self-efficacy outside the prison walls through enhancing their access to related basic social and health services and helping them build the relationships and resources they need for their welfare.   At the least. The government understands that the mentally ill cannot possibly care for their welfare immediately after imprisonment. As a result, it provides a free bus ticket, some pocket money, and two weeks of medication. At least, the government does not completely leave them empty-handed. In â€Å"Research Protections for Diverted Mentally Ill Individuals: Should They Be Considered Prisoners?† Amory, Amrhein, and Dery (2011) studied the concept and practice of diversion for mentally ill offenders and reviewed the literature on the concepts of â€Å"coercion,† â€Å"informed consent† and â€Å"decisional capacity† of imprisoned mentally ill individuals. They discussed the existing diversion programs for these kinds of prisoners. They explained that government policy provides pre-booking and post-booking programs that direct the mentally ill away from the traditional criminal justice system (Amory, Amrhein, & Dery, 2011, p.797). These programs help them access the medical attention they need, instead of being imprisoned only.   Possibilities for improvements. The government policy on mentally ill offenders can be amended. It can be enhanced to boost the support for these offenders. The main emphases are on their preparation for freedom.

GPS And Its Use In Modern Surveying Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

GPS And Its Use In Modern Surveying - Essay Example President Reagan opened access to the GPS for the civilian aircraft navigational purposes for the first time in 1983 (Leick 5). GPS has immense application in modern surveying. GPS enables the surveyors to measure the points or features of any location across the globe from space. Data collected with the help of GPS can be used to provide information for navigation systems or to monitor the infrastructure projects. Surveyors commonly use the GPS to derive elevation with the help of sophisticated satellite receivers as an alternative to the traditional precise leveling. However, the accuracy of the former is lesser as compared to the latter, but when the traditional leveling has to be carried out over a long distance, the accuracies of both methods become similar. GPS helps reduce the time consumed in surveying. â€Å"Project surveys scheduled to take become an often take just a few days or hours with GPS† (Transportation Research Board). Modern surveying has benefited a lot fr om the use of GPS.

DB2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DB2 - Essay Example The walls of this building are light colored. This building was constructed to replace the temple of the goddess Athena (Boardman, 1996). The look and feel of the building represent the religious and mythical feeling typical to Greek Art. The The Roman Arch of Constantine is in fact a symbol of victory for the Romans. Constantine won the battle of Milvian bridge in 312 CE and this building was constructed as a triumphal arch of Romans. It is one of the latest existing arches which fall in this category (Henderson and Beard, 2001). Both of these pieces of art are objective and represent a great achievement or cultural attitude of the time of construction. The Arch is a typical rectangular building which has sharp edges. The Greek Temple building is also rectangular but it is more aesthetically pleasing. The first building represents a very important religious aspect of Greeks. The Greeks believed in goddess of Athena and to make her happy, they replaced the earlier temple with this ne wer and grander one. It represents the closeness of Greeks with their gods and mythology. The artists who have worked on this piece of art have tried to convey the religious aspects of Greek life and have done that successfully. The second building is a symbol of victory (Henderson and Beard, 2001). It has the specific toughness. The look of this building can be easily related to a grand military victory.

Marting L. King JR Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marting L. King JR - Research Paper Example However, in recent age leadership concept is applied on the basis of intellect and not on intuition as well as on knowledge and expertise and not on power or wisdom. Due to which, maximum extent of the leaders in this age are extremely successful as compared to others. This research paper mainly highlights on the importance and definition of administrative leadership style along with its pitfalls. It also focuses the differences of administrative leadership styles followed by Martin L. King JR as compared to others. Apart from this, it also highlights the relationship between leadership and management in this recent age. Leadership is recognized as the concept of organizing and managing a group of individual in order to achieve the objective of the organization. It may also be described as the style with the help of which the followers or employees of an organization or group become motivated to attain the common goal or objective. However, according to varied researches or studies, it might be depicted that leaders comprise of varied traits such as promising behavior, power, vision, values, challenges, personality and intelligence so as to cope up with various situational interactions. Thus it might be stated that the employees or follower would follow only that individual who comprises the ability to guide or direct others. Leadership is directly proportional with the concepts and aspects of social power or administration. This is because administration is also described as the process to manage and control a specific group of individual within an organization. So it is also quite similar to the features of social power. Administrative leader is recognized as an individual who leads a team and also in-charge of the supervision of the duties and responsibilities of his or her team members. Apart from this, an administrative leader includes the power of communication and effective management of the ideas and

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Research Paper Example Additionally, the multitasking function of Oss also helps one or more programs to run simultaneously rewarding the virtues of real time function which allows users to obtain responses instantly for the input. The priority of OS in the modern scenario evolved to make the workload easier for the end users of computing systems which involves a coating of software which takes into account the technical aspects of computer operations. Notably, in the current scenario, there are varieties of OSs (Foster & Bachmann, 2005). In the context of this research study, the OSs including iOS, Android and Palm OS have been explained briefly. Hence, the scheduling, processes involved and security aspects of these OSs have been discussed henceforth. The study also reflects a brief comparison between these three OSs with relation to their application and uses. The study also reflects the future of the OSs taken into account in this study, concerning the modern scenario. Broader Description of Mobile Dev ice OSs iOS, Android, Palm OS iOS iOS is an OS established and distributed by Apple Incorporation, one of the leading global consumer electronics organizations. This particular OS has been promoted as an extended form of application to support the various innovative products of Apple such as iPad and Apple TV. iOS is noted as compatible with iPhones and iPods too. Contextually, the OS tends to manage the hardware of the device and offer technologies that are required to implement the applications (Apple Developer, 2013). Concerning the processes of iOS, it can be observed to involve three phases of development processes. In the initial phase, the applications required for the development of iOS is accumulated and encumbered to devices for multiple times to test functionality, designing efficiency and bug testing. The stages involved within the developing phase are broadly illustrated in the following flow chart (Apple Developer, 2013). In the second phase, i.e. termed as the AdHoc p hase, the configured iOS is used to test the application which has been downloaded from the application store of the Apple product. The next stages of AdHoc emphasizes on compiling the applications and installing it in the devices for further testing. Subsequently, the last phase includes the distribution process of the products which have already been configured with the applications and tested for the ultimate customers (Apple Developer, 2013). In this context, the iOS applications has been developed in synchronization to iTunes in particular (Apple Developer, 2013). The fundamentals for automatically scheduling iOS comprises of certain stages which mainly encompass the ‘jail broken iOS device’, elementary knowledge of Secure Shell (SSH) and its applications, focus on the acquaintance with terminal commands and knowledge of â€Å"bundle identifier† names for the applications to be executed appropriately (Apple Developer, 2013). Another significant feature of an y OS can be identified as its memory. The management of memory, in an OS, is a process that involves memory allocations during program’s runtime. It is in this context that a well scripted program such as iOS uses as little memory as possible (Apple Developer, 2013). In the similar context, the aspects related with security in boot chain, runtime process and signing of code during the application of iOS, helps to confirm that only reliable code and applications